Under the Gaze of the Mighty: Humanity's Unwelcome Watchers




Under the Gaze of the Mighty: Humanity's Unwelcome Watchers
By Scott Corrales

Music video enthusiasts might fondly remember a 1987 clip by British rocker David Bowie which portrayed angels filming all details of human existence--even the most sordid ones--with suitably "angelic" white-painted cameras. The concept of God's minions looking upon our every act is central to many religions, along with a belief in the existence of angels.

In the 1960's and '70s, a number of researchers and theorists began to examine the possibility that the UFO and attendant phenomena were merely a new or "retooled" version of the same old story mankind had been living since the caves. Although their findings were initially well received, the field became increasingly polarized between advocates of extraterrestrial technological intervention and believers in mundane solutions to the riddle. Suggestions that angels or non-physical beings could be involved in the UFO question were brushed aside by more material-minded investigators.

But when we put our own religious (and scientific) beliefs aside and consider the question dispassionately, we begin to consider if such beings could actually exist, their motivations, and the reason for their outright interference in human affairs, whether as mediators between humans and the Deity or merely invisible entities who have influenced humanity since the beginning of time.

From Ancient Persia to Modern Times

The Persian Empire under the Achaemenid Dynasty was one of the largest land empires of antiquity. Stretching from Macedonia to the Punjab and from Uzbekistan to Egypt, the Persians managed a far-flung realm that included most of the civilized world of its time. Between 486 and 465 B.C.E., one of its rulers, Xerxes--better known to posterity as biblical King Ahasuerus in Ezra 4:6 and in the book of Esther--contended with a number of wars and uprisings throughout his kingship and left detailed records of his response to each of these crises. One of them is particularly interesting:

"Speaks Xerxes the king: When I became king there were among these lands which are written above [some which rebelled]...by Ahuramazda's will such lands I defeated, and to their place I restored them. And among those lands were some where previously the Daivas were worshipped. Then by Ahuramazda's will of such temples of the Daivas I sapped the foundations, and I ordained: the Daivas shall not be worshipped. Where the Daivas had been worshipped before, there I worshipped Ahuramazda with Arta the exalted..."

If the Persian Daivas can be identified with the Indian Devas, perhaps the words of Xerxes predate the angel's admonition to Saint John about not worshipping such divine messengers: "I am thy fellowservant...and of thy brethren," which appears in the book of Revelation and has been quoted by other researchers on the subject.

Vedic mythology gives us the supernatural and beneficent Devas, whose existence is invisible to humans yet share the human characteristics of being doomed to an endless cycle of birth, maturation, death and reincarnation. The word to describe these entities comes from the Sanskrit term which means "beings of light" or "glowing ones". Living in a dimension adjacent to our own, the purpose of these etheric presences is to keep the physical universe which we inhabit running smoothly--roughly akin to a maintenance department, out of sight but ever present. The Devas are assigned to three distinct environments: the heavens, the upper atmosphere and the earth, and have control over the lesser nature spirits which exist in everything from clouds to trees to rocks.

Persian Zoroastrianism did not share such a sanguine view of these entities. The Devas became known as Daivas and were associated with the forces of evil--the semi-divine creatures who chose the path of druj (untruth) over the path of asha (truth). Zoroastrian teachings and the Vedas agree that this order of non-human creatures is often at war with another order of beings, and that their struggles often spill over into the mortal world.

These clearly non-human yet humanoid-looking entities have appeared before startled onlookers in guise of sylphs, undines and dozens of creatures of medieval and ancient legend. While trolling through folklore for evidence is hazardous work at best, we can readily find a number of traditions (Native American, Middle Eastern, Asian) in which a human mates with one of these "more than human" quantities and has offspring, or like the unfortunate hunter who spied on the goddess Artemis as she bathed, meets his or her doom.

Where Desire Holds Sway

Salvador Freixedo's La Granja Humana (Posada, 1989) presents the high-strangeness story of a young Mexican named Jose Luis and his bizarre friendship with a small child/man known only as "Fair" due to his blond hair.

Jose Luis told Freixedo that he had first encountered his odd friend during a camping trip: a group of schoolboys had pitched their tents in the woods and encountered another boy their age (or so they thought) who led them to his own "tent" -- a rectangular, shiny affair resembling an excursion bus. From that moment on, "Fair"became a fixture in the lives of Jose Luis and his friends, visiting them at school to fill their heads with tales of space travel and the future, and making it a point of visiting Jose Luis at home on his birthday year after year. The strange little visitor earned the affection of Jose Luis' parents "because of the good advice he always imparted" to their son and his companions. In a manner worthy of an Outer Limits episode, people noticed that "Fair" never seemed to age with each subsequent birthday visit, but said nothing either out of fear or due to a belief that the small figure may be suffering from a glandular disorder. But his enigmatic visitor's apparent lack of development was the least of Jose Luis's problems.

"Fair"'s role in the Mexican youngster's life seemed to be, suggests Freixedo, to groom him for future greatness (whether this greatness has been achieved remains unclear) by clearing any and all obstacles. When Jose Luis took a humble job in an important corporation, a number of managers supposedly died of a variety of symptoms until Jose Luis found himself in a powerful position--all of this after consultation with "Fair". Something similar occurred when Jose Luis remarked that he was in love with a married woman:

The fact is that one day, when Jose Luis was feeling particularly depressed, "Fair" told him: "You're sad and I know why."

Jose Luis tried to deny that he was particularly sad about anything...but "Fair" insisted: "You're in love with a young woman who can't correspond your affections because she's married. You're saddened to see that achieving your wishes seems impossible [...] Don't worry. Within a year, when I come back to visit you, you'll not only be married to the young lady, but you'll also have a child by her--no matter how impossible it may seem." (Freixedo, p.210)

And so it was. The method used to remove Jose Luis' "rival" from the picture isn't mentioned.

Freixedo elaborates further about the experiences of Jose Luis and his mysterious friend, but the above will suffice for our purposes. Did the diminutive and ageless "Fair" belong, as the author suggests, to the order of intermediary beings between humans and angels known in the Islamic world as the Djinn? Citing Gordon Creighton's work on this order of non-humans, whose reality is accepted in religious courts throughout the Middle East and North Africa, Freixedo discusses their capricious behavior toward humans, often selecting one of us as a protegé or even as a pet, and manifesting a fascination for human reproduction and human affairs (much like the abducting "Greys" our own time).


How far does this interest extend on the part of these powerful yet far from divine order of beings? Anthony Roberts suggests that the large-eyed, black-haired and pointed-faced Mesopotamian love goddess Ishtar was of their number (said physical traits being common to ultraterrestrials, in his opinion) along with other similar entities. Ancient myth had it that no mortal--understandably--was immune to the goddess of love. But what about today?

Some twenty years ago, a curious little book entitled UFO Encounters of the Fourth Kind (Zebra Books, 1978) explored the carnal obsessions evinced throughout history by these beings who appeared to us now in as "space people". Author Art Gatti made reference to a 1969 epidemic in Morocco having to do with "Aycha Kenaycha", described as a "dark demoness" or succubus who appeared to drug users undergoing astral experiences by summoning each of them in their mothers' voice. The drugged-out astral traveler would find himself facing an astral form capable of stealing their souls, not just their astral selves. Gatti states that the nationwide epidemic which filled insane asylums and jails to capacity ended in the 1970's, and that its end was brought about by the Islamic equivalent of exorcism rites...or a drastic reduction in hashish consumption.

War Games of the Gods?

That the Gods choose sides in mortal conflicts is hardly a new idea. A quick glance at the Iliad shows us the Olympian deities backing human contestants much like a human might favor a sports team, and even lending assistance to support their favorites. But when examples of supernatural intervention appear in our own wars, both in antiquity and in the recent past, this gives us reason to pause. Are warring human factions supported by non-human parties, or is this just a belief fostered by belligerent to hearten their own troops with the notion that "God is on our side"?

During the second Egyptian campaign lead by the Syrian monarch Antiochus, his troops were encouraged by an aerial display of "armed horsemen in golden armor" who charged at each other in the sky. Almost a thousand years later, beleaguered Spanish knights would be equally heartened by the apparition of the Virgin of Covadonga, spurring them on to win a major battle which marks the beginning of the reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors. The entities in this particular conflict didn't mind playing both ends against the middle--during the battle of Alarcos in 1195, the forces of Alfonso VIII claimed seeing a fully armed St.James on a white steed flying overhead, leading them into the melee, while Muslim chronicles tell us that the Moorish forces, who eventually won the encounter, saw above their numbers none other than Mohammed himself, astride his magical steed al-Borak.

The reader can dismiss all of the foregoing as little more than charming folklore that has percolated down to our times. But supernatural forces continued aiding and abetting different factions in conflict, especially during the European conquest of the Americas. Chronicler Pedro Cieza de León, whose writings describe the conquest of Peru and the Pacific coast of South America in general, mentions an odd situation experienced by conquistadores: when the Incas turned against Pizarro's invaders in the mountain city of Cuzco, the European forces numbered little over 180 horse and foot, while Manco Inca (sic) had more than two hundred thousand warriors at his command. But native sources told Cieza that the Inca defeat was attributable to a "heavenly figure" who appeared during battles and "caused the natives great harm" (Cieza, Ch.119).

Pedro de Valdivia, who conquered modern day Chile, wrote a letter to Charles V of Spain informing him of a strange event which occurred during a conflict with the natives in 1541, while Araucanian warriors besieged his makeshift fort: "[...] the native Indians say that the day they came to our fort, at the very same time that our horsemen rushed forth against them, an old man riding a white horse fell among their numbers, urging them: Flee, for these Christians shall slay thee! Such was their fright that they turned about and fled."
Valdivia's letter notes that three days earlier, a "beautiful lady clad in white" had appeared among the natives and given them as similar warning.

The Spanish conquistadores were bold, brutal and vain. While attributing their success to divine intervention might ingratiate them with Church authorities, it also showed the direness of their predicament--something they would have normally been loath to admit. Again, the reader might chalk all of this up to the rantings of a soldier far from home, trying to make a good impression on his superiors. But what can we say when this "divine intervention", for want of a better term, occurs during our own century?

On August 26, 1914, the survivors of the British Expeditionary Force were retreating from the battle of Mons with the German cavalry in hot pursuit. Unable to make it to safety, the bedraggled force turned around to face the attackers and make a last stand. To the astonishment of the British "Tommies", a line of ghostly cavalry stood as a buffer between their position and the onrushing Germans. Contenders on both sides insisted that the spectral army had indeed been an angelic host, although official reports only indicate that the Germans refused to attack the retreating British due to the presence of a large body of troops in the area.

Celestial Conflicts

It has long been suggested that our earthly conflicts mirror the struggles of our planet's unseen "overlords". "It looks as if a long war has been fought in the immediate vicinity of this planet, and that this war is far from over," observes Anthony Roberts in his book The Dark Gods, further cautioning that "the purpose now must bee to see this long war in its more universal application...to reconcile the cosmic connection with the cosmic battleground in which the whole saga of existence takes place."


Roberts posits that these battles rage on the physical and spiritual levels much like a human war might take place on land and sea simultaneously. The spiritual dimension of the conflict, as suggested by Roberts, bears a resemblance to the premises of certain works of heroic fantasy in which the opposing sides are the forces of Law and Chaos, always striving to overcome each other.

The author cites the beliefs of certain religious traditions concerning Man's role as a tool or plaything in the hands of these vast forces, going as far as to cite the Theosophical belief that the lost continent of Atlantis was destroyed by the excesses of its black magicians (another idea brilliantly portrayed in fictional form by J.R.R. Tolkien, whose villainous Sauron corrupts the Numenoreans, leading to their downfall). At this point a slight digression may be in order: While scholars may be outraged by this notion, epigraphers working on deciphering Brazil's controversial Ingá Stone -- an intricately carved structure of dark stone located in northeastern Brazil -- claim to have deciphered a curious name. Epigrapher Francis Schauspelier has suggested that the word su-me which appears repeatedly on the Ingá Stone translates as "black hand" in certain Indo European languages. Could the Sume have been one of these Atlantean black magicians?

Leaving Atlantis to rest in its watery grave, let us retake the thrust of our argument.

In the early 20th century, Charles Fort turned his keen intellect to the concept of struggles taking place at a level far beyond mortal ken. In his inimitable prose style, he suggested that a "vast, black, brooding vampire" large enough to "obscure a star or shove a comet" held sway over this world and perhaps others; perhaps even defending its fiefdom against other entities--space-scavengers who may have picked off entire terrestrial civilizations like that of the Mayas. "Something now has a legal right to us," wrote Fort. "by force or by having paid out analogues of beads to the former, more primitive owners of us..."

Decades later, his line of thought would be expanded by those who saw a similar relationship arising in the Scriptures. Was the biblical "war in heaven" merely the retelling of an event in which mighty non-humans fought for possession of our world, perhaps even our universe? Were the figures of Yahweh and Azazel mentioned in the Pentateuch simply the names of each ultraterrestrial or semi-divine faction? Which one was in control first? Again, Salvador Freixedo explores this issue in his book Defendámonos de los Dioses
(Quintá, 1985), suggesting that these ethereal forces struggled for the Earth with one party defeating the other, which has ever since struggled to reassert itself. While for all our external differences, notes Freixedo, we are all equally human. The same cannot be said for these non-human creatures, who do not appear to belong to a common order of beings, and are not even aware of other non-humans they may have encountered during incursions into our own reality. "The struggle which according to theology erupted between the angels before the creation of the world...is ongoing and the rivalry among spirits is not over, given their jealousy of rank and prerogatives." (Freixedo, p.21).

This is all well and good, the reader may think, but what are they fighting over?

A number of authors have dared to suggest that these improbable beings are fighting over us -- lowly humans who are largely at their whim. But much like an actor needs an audience or a politician needs voters, these beings need the energy we appear to feed them through human wars, suffering, mass worship and other group activities. Freixedo, Keel, Creighton, Roberts and David Tansley all seem to be in agreement on this point, which echoes Charles Fort's only partially humorous assertion that these superbeings wanted us for "our greasy,shiny brains."
 
A first-person subjective experience, but I thought it was too fucking bizarre not to share.



I received the following account last evening.
It is definitely one of the oddest submissions I have had the pleasure to read:

Hi Lon,

I discovered the Mysterious Universe podcast a few weeks ago and through that your blog.
After hearing story after story of strange encounters with strange men dressed in black suits, I wanted to tell a story from my childhood that to this day I have been unable to explain.
This took place in 2001 when I was 8 years old.

It was summer and I was on a field trip with my town's community center's daycare program.
We were at the New York State Museum in Albany, NY. I was in a group with maybe 2 or 3 other kids and one of the daycare workers for a chaperone.

We got there in the morning and were told we could roam around the museum with our group until either 12 or 1 when we had to meet back up with everyone for lunch on the 3rd floor.

Our group walked around, looking at all the exhibits and after a while, we realized we had lost track of time.
We only had a few minutes to get up to the 3rd floor for lunch and attendance and we were on the other side of the museum from where the elevators are.

We hurried quickly to the lobby and hopped into an elevator.
Out of breath from the near sprint we had done to the lobby, our group piled into the elevator, we hit the 3rd floor button, and my chaperone said we had made it in time and that we still had a minute or so to spare.

Then as the doors were closing, an extremely well-dressed man walked into the elevator.
He was wearing black shoes, a black suit with a white dress shirt, black tie, black leather gloves, and a black fedora, and was carrying a black leather briefcase.

At the time I thought nothing of it, but I've always looked back at this and thought this was very odd as it was summer and he was dressed for the dead of winter.

As the man got on, I noticed that he kept his head down, almost as though he didn't want us to see his face.
He quickly turned around, only then lifting his head.

He just stood there with his back to us, and I don't remember ever seeing him select a floor.
The elevator doors closed and this eerie feeling seemed to be emanating from the man in black.

We had left the lobby on the first floor and were going up the third floor, so the ride should have been maybe 10 or 20 seconds at most.

The elevator's display showed we had arrived at the third floor, but the elevator didn't stop.
the numbers just kept climbing, and we were definitely still moving. (I want to preface this by saying those elevators in the lobby only have access to 4 floors, and to my knowledge the museum only has 4 above ground floors. I'll talk more about that at the end.)

At this point, it had been well over a minute since the elevator started moving and the numbers on the display continued to climb; as did the elevator.

That eerie feeling that had been seemingly emanating from this man was getting more intense and the air in the elevator was beginning to get extremely heavy, this seemed to get more and more noticeable as we continued to go up.

The higher the elevator climbed, the feeling turned from eerie to foreboding.
I remember getting the feeling you get in the pit of your stomach when you know something bad is going to happen.

Something definitely wasn't right, the display was saying we had passed the 50th floor and we were still climbing.

At this point it had been around 5 minutes in the elevator.
The atmosphere in the elevator had gotten almost unbearable.

This heavy, ominous feeling was something I've never experienced since.
The closest thing I can compare it to is that feeling you get when you walk down a dark hallway after watching a horror movie, and even that doesn't begin to describe this.

Suddenly, the elevator stops.
There's a sudden shift in the atmosphere of the elevator.

It went from this foreboding feeling to a feeling of impending doom.
Then I remember an almost panic when I thought about was on the other side of those doors.

I was telling myself over and over again that the buttons on the elevator don't go past the 4th floor, so there aren't any floors beyond that, so whatever on the other side of those doors can't possibly exist.

This whole experience can't possibly have happened, and when the doors open I'll see all my friends from the other groups eating lunch and everything will be okay.

But that's not what happened.

And this is where things have always gotten fuzzy for me.
I remember getting on the elevator with my group, the man walking in, and the elevator going up.

But I can't remember my group being in the elevator after a certain point.
I know it was at least five minutes from the time we entered the elevator before it stopped, and yet I can't tell you how much time passed between when the elevator stopped and when the doors opened.

I can remember looking at the display to see what floor we were on, but can't remember what it said.
I remember being frozen there, with no sound or movement whatsoever.

I remember feeling like if those doors opened, something bad was going to happen, to the point where I remember panicking inside my head, pretending that none of this wasn't happening.

But every time I opened my eyes that sinister man was still standing there, as still as a statue.

And then all of a sudden, the man who was responsible for all of this, who had not moved a single muscle since the elevator doors closed, drops his briefcase.

Not even a second after the briefcase hit the ground, the doors of the elevator opened.
And yet I can't remember what was beyond those doors.

I have tried for the last 14 years to remember and have never been able to see it.
I just remember it being white and bright.

The man then calmly picked up his briefcase, tipped his fedora, almost as to bid us goodbye, and walked off the elevator.
I then remember the doors closing and that ominous feeling being gone, and in an instant we were on the 3rd floor and the doors popped open.

Only then do I remember seeing the rest of my group on the elevator.
All of them looking as terrified as I did, especially our chaperone.

Looking out, I saw the rest of the kids and chaperones from the other groups.
We walked out of the elevator, and had been expecting to be extremely late for lunch, but we had made it on time.

Which is impossible, because we had initially made it to the elevator a minute or so before lunch started, and that encounter on the elevator had lasted at least five or ten minutes.

I remember our chaperone pulling the other adults aside and I assume told them what had happened to us on that elevator.
I remember sitting at the table with my friends eating a pizza Lunchable and the kids from my group and I sharing the story of what had just happened, no one believing us.

I remember the chaperone I had avoiding the subject for the rest of the day, and the other kids in my group seemed to have dropped it as well.

I remember that I told my mom what had happened and I've always felt as though she didn't believe me.
But before writing this, I wanted to make sure that really did happen since I was so young and it had been well over a decade since this happened, and that it wasn't something my mind made up over the years or maybe just a very vivid dream.

So I asked my mom if she remembered me telling her about this, and she said she did.
She remembers picking me up from the community center and the second we got into the car I had told her all about the man in black and the elevator going up all these floors and even that he had dropped his briefcase.

She said she also remembers me telling her that he had said something to me, though she doesn't remember what, and I don't have any memory of him saying anything.

So there is my story.
14 years later, I still have absolutely no clue who that man was, where the elevator took us, what was beyond the doors where the man walked off, or anything that happened in that elevator.

I just know that it happened.
I have no idea how long we were in that elevator, it could have been minutes or even hours, but what I do know is that time seems to have been separate from our reality, since no time had actually passed when we got to the third floor.

Hopefully you have heard something similar or at least have an idea what happened.
I've gone through every explanation I can think of and none of them make sense.

From not remembering correctly what elevator we got on, and perhaps getting in one somewhere else, but that's impossible for reasons I've listed in the paragraph below this.

I've thought maybe it was a really vivid dream, but my mom remembers me telling her right after picking me up from daycare, the day of the field trip.

I've even considered a gas leak in the elevator causing us to hallucinate.
The one thought that's always been in the back of my mind has been that we got onto the elevator and took a ride through another dimension.

Just a little side note, I had a job with a catering company in the Albany area last Summer and one of the most common venues we catered at was the New York State Museum.

Over that summer, I rode probably every public elevator in that building, and even a cargo elevator they have, and not a single one I rode on had any buttons beyond the 4th floor.

Sincerely,
E.S.
 
To sit there and pick apart someone’s beliefs (guilty as charged I admit) serves your own inflated ego and not the world you self-delusionally believe you are helping.


My Ontology is Bigger than Yours: Pseudocriticism of Pseudosciences

“Deluded or not, supporters of superstition and pseudoscience are human beings with real feelings, who, like the skeptics, are trying to figure out how the world works and what our role in it might be. Their motives are in many cases consonant with science. If their culture has not given them all the tools they need to pursue this great quest, let us temper our criticism with kindness.
None of us comes fully equipped”

― Carl Sagan


I’m totally getting tenure…

One of the most damning accusations leveled at anomalists and seekers after strange phenomena is that they practice a bastardized form of scholarship, and when recognition of a disciplinary affiliation is condescended to at all, it is invariably prefixed with the derogatory appellation of “pseudo-“, leading to a proliferation of pseudo-sciences, pseudo-histories, and pseudo-archaeologies imagined to lurk about the edges of mainstream knowledge begging for validation.

Contrary to the argument made by disciplinary advocates when they deign to address a wider audience than the six or seven people that read arid journal articles about rarified minutia, this has nothing whatsoever to do with the use or abuse of scientific epistemology or sober historiography.

It is all about marking territory in its most excretory sense.
In short, a pissing contest.

The vagaries of professionalized academic inquiry mandate an often ludicrously narrow specialization.
For example, an archaeologist is rarely just an archaeologist, rather a specialist in Southwestern pre-colonial archaeology or Ptolemaic Egypt (when we’re being generous), or Sumerian potshards or Paleolithic fishing technology in Southern Africa (when you actually examine individual scholar’s bodies of work).

It’s not that such micro-specialization is impractical (from a tenure perspective it is indeed necessary) or even methodologically unreasonable.

Although, what it amounts to is a very small net, cast a very short distance.

Now, far be it from me to weigh in conclusively on whether there might be something to the speculations of the Graham Hancocks and Erich von Dänikens of the world.

Certainly, right or wrong, they are brilliant and engaging writers frequently dismissed by mainstream historians and scholars as engaging in the mortal sin of “cherry-picking” their data to support some rather odd conclusions.

This can of course be juxtaposed with the standard method of history and the sciences, both physical and social, which is to “cherry-pick” one’s object of study and hypotheses.

When accusations of “pseudo-“ scholarship are shouted, it is often because someone has made honest intellectual inquiry at a broader scale, looking for larger patterns across broader spans of time.

Do their conclusions always make sense?
Of course not.

Then again, recent meta-analyses of the published results of psychological experiments have indicated that only 36% were actually reproducible when tested, casting doubt on any conclusions drawn from them as well.

Obviously, from the perspective of professional academics, who tend to take a very grim view of the unwashed masses, public popularity is a sure sign that your research is valueless.

I’ve seen many a cultural anthropologist who wrote for popular consumption sneered at by tenured colleagues, who suggested that said anthropologist really just wanted to be a journalist.

There is no quicker way to get denied tenure than to pen a work that somebody actually reads.
The entire history of civilization is a tension between orthodoxy and heterodoxy, with orthodoxy purposefully and instrumentally delineating the bounds of human knowledge and the acceptable ways to know what we know.

True, some folks are just nuts, but when the label “pseudo” is applied to someone else’s scholarship, consider the source of the criticism.

We need specialization, but perhaps we also need holism to move human knowledge forward.

As Tim Minchin observed, “You know what they call alternative medicine that’s been proved to work? – Medicine.”
 
So here I sit...every six weeks I come to the IV Infusion Clinic...it is always a meditation in humility.
It actually puts me through a huge range of emotions.
Part of me feels like a total asshole for always being stuck in my own head...my own BS issues.
Part of me feels really heartbroken for some of the other people who come here...many come here for their chemotherapy treatments...and I have been around it enough and also get external feelings that tell mea good portion of them won't make it to the end of the year - So how dare I even bitch about my back pain.
I see a lot of fear in people's eyes here...some are younger than me.

So that is my meditation for the day...to reaffirm my place in world and the grand scheme of things...to appreciate all that is in my life - without creating false or fearful stipulations in my mind.
We are here so briefly...I had a dream once that gave me perspective on the impermanence that is life.
The only way to explain it is we exist in this life in what amounts to the blink of an eye overall.
Too often we are caught up in the menial nonsense of it all.

Wow....you sure know how to pick a tough assignment in emotional/judgmental mastery. Sitting amongst people who fear dying while letting chemicals drip into their bodies....and acknowledging how you feel.... wowww....you are strong.

It appears one of your biggest issues is to allow how you feel while you're there. There is nothing wrong for having compassion for your own life... We each came here with an agenda of experiences we felt would satisfy the lessons we wanted to learn and expand our mastery of self. So allow your self to feel empathy for what the body is going through. Do you think your body does not feel pain? It feels it whether you acknowledge it or not - up there in your mind.

Those other people sitting in chairs around you also came here with certain experiences they wished to have....and in general those experiences did not include sitting around watching TV and eating ice cream 24/7. That's not what Earth was for. Some have referred to it as the Pain Planet...and in this Now....she has fulfilled that mission and is moving away from it.

So ease up on your self. :hug:
 
To go with the above ^^^





Last week, the Open Science Collaboration reported that only 36% of a sample of 100 claims from published psychology studies were succesfully replicated: Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science.

A reproducibility rate of 36% seems bad.
But what would be a good value?

Is it realistic to expect all studies to replicate?
If not, where should we set the bar?

In this post I’ll argue that it should be 100%.


First off however, I’ll note that no single replication attempt will ever have a 100% chance of success.
A real effect might always, just by chance, not be statistically significant, although with enough statistical power (i.e. by collecting enough data) this chance can be made very low.

Therefore, when I say we should aim for “100% reproducibility”, I don’t mean that 100% of replications should succeed, but rather that the rate of successful replications should be 100% of the statistical power.

In the Open Science Collaboration’s study, for example, the average power of the 100 replication studies was 0.92.
So 100% reproducibility would mean 92 positive results.

Is this a realistic goal?
Some people argue that if psychologists were only studying highly replicable effects, they would be studying trivial ones, because interesting psychological phenomena are more subtle.

As one commenter put it,

Alan Kraut, executive director of the Association for Psychological Science and a board member of the Center for Open Science, noted that even statistically significant “real findings” would “not be expected to replicate over and over again… The only finding that will replicate 100 per cent of the time is likely to be trite, boring, and probably already known.”

I don’t buy this. It may be true that, in psychology, most of the large effectsare trivial, but this doesn’t mean that the small, interesting effects are not replicable.

100% reproducibility, limited only by statistical power, is a valid goal even for small effects.

Another view is that interesting effects in psychology are variable or context-dependent.

As Lisa Feldman Barrett put it, if two seemingly-identical experiments report different results, one confirming a phenomenon and the other not,

Does this mean that the phenomenon in question is necessarily illusory? Absolutely not. If the studies were well designed and executed, it is more likely that the phenomenon… is true only under certain conditions.

Now, my problem with this view is that it makes scientific claims essentially unfalsifiable.
Faced with a null result, we could always find some contextual variable, however trivial, to ‘explain’ the lack of an effect post hoc.

It’s certainly true that many (perhaps all!) interesting phenomena in psychology are context-dependent. But this doesn’t imply that they’re not reproducible. Reproducibility and generalizability are two different things.

I would like to see a world in which psychologists (and all scientists) don’t just report the existence of effects, but also characterise the context or contexts in which they are reliably seen.

It shouldn’t be enough to say “Phenomenon X happens sometimes, but don’t be surprised if it doesn’t happen in any given case.”

Defining when an effect is seen should be part and parcel of researching and reporting it.
Under those defined conditions, we should expect effects to be reproducible.

Open Science Collaboration (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349 (6251) PMID: 26315443

 
@Kgal

Baba Jaga is basically a “shadow eater”.
I found the article fascinating!
 
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Dreaming While Awake

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In February 1758 the 90-year-old Charles Lullin, a retired Swiss civil servant whose sight had been progressively failing since a cataract operation five years before, began to see considerably more than he had become accustomed to.

For the next several months he was visited in his apartment by a silent procession of figures, invisible to everyone but him: young men in magnificent cloaks, perfectly coiffured ladies carrying boxes on their heads, girls dancing in silks and ribbons.

These visions were recorded and published in 1760 by his grandson, the naturalist Charles Bonnet, after whom the syndrome of hallucinations in the elderly and partially sighted would much later be named.

This celebrated case is one of the founding studies in the science of hallucinations, and frames the subject in distinctive ways.
Most significantly, it has no link with mental illness: Lullin’s eyesight may have dimmed but his cognitive faculties were perfectly sharp, and he had no difficulty recognising his hallucinations as unreal.

His experience was clearly different in kind from those experienced in psychoses such as schizophrenia: rather, it highlights the remarkable range of organic conditions, from neurological disorders to drug effects, of ‘hallucinations in the sane’.

Much has been learned in the intervening century about the brain states and optical processes that lie behind such experiences, but the old question remains: what, if anything, do such hallucinations have to tell us?

They cannot be dismissed as symptoms of insanity, and nor are they purely random sensory data: on the contrary, their content is curiously consistent.

Miniature people, for example, are a common sight for those with Charles Bonnet syndrome: Oliver Sacks recalls a patient who was accompanied for a couple of weeks by ‘little people a few inches high, like elves or fairies, with little green caps, climbing up the sides of her wheelchair’ [SUP]1[/SUP].

These little folk are also witnessed in many other circumstances: by sufferers from migraine, epilepsy or Parkinson’s disease, those on mind-altering drugs such as DMT (dimethyltryptamine) or magic mushrooms, or in withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives.

These are wildly different causes, but the miniature people they generate are strikingly similar.
They share many curious but consistent qualities: a tendency to appear in groups, for example, or arrayed in phalanxes (‘numerosity’), to wear headgear or exotic dress, and to go about their business autonomously, paying no attention to the subject’s attempts to interact with them.

Who are these little people?
Do they have a message for us?

And if not, what is the meaning of their insistent qualities?

From the perspective of the neurosciences, such hallucinatory stereotypes are privileged, if cryptic, glimpses into the deep structure of the brain: the fact that they can be generated by so many unrelated conditions suggests hardwired perceptual structures that reliably manufacture them.

But they also have a cultural life — and, for quintessentially private mental events, a remarkably well-defined social history.
They are assigned distinct meanings in different cultures: in many, their familiar appearance is taken as evidence not of their neurological basis but of their independent existence in a transpersonal or spirit world.

The phenomenon appears to be consistent through history — the oldest example typically cited in the literature is the ‘little strangers’ who appeared to St Macarius the Elder in his desert solitude around 350 CE — but susceptible to varied cultural interpretations: in Ireland such figures might be described as leprechauns, in Norway as trolls and so on.

Do these archetypes draw on a private but universal mental landscape?
If so, we might square the circle of nature and culture with the suggestion that they have a basis in neurology but their interpretation shifts with the times: the fairies of old now manifesting more commonly as aliens.

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In western cultures these folkloric entities have been elaborated into cultural and literary forms, and indeed have been adopted as clinical labels.

One of the many terms for seeing miniature people is ‘Lilliput sight’, another is ‘Alice in Wonderland syndrome’; naturally it has been suggested that Jonathan Swift may have experienced it during his demented final years, while Charles Dodgson may have based Alice’s distortions of scale on an account of mushroom-eating Siberian shamans in Mordecai Cooke’s drug compendium, Seven Sisters of Sleep (1860).

Their classic manifestations in our culture, from traditional tales of fairy rings and hollow hills through to literary renderings such as Christina Rosetti’s Goblin Market, include the message that they are alluring but also mischievous and deceitful: those to whom they appear must beware of tricks, and of being lured into magical scenes that dissolve into cruel traps.

Does this consensus mean that these entities — djinn, sprites, elves — really exist, or in some way inhabit the borders of our collective consciousness?

Or does it warn that the attempt to extract meaning or profit from such encounters is a fool’s quest?

A Soul Adrift

If hallucinations are subject to cultural influence, the most significant of the modern era is probably the word itself.
‘Hallucination’ is a term of surprisingly recent coinage, adopted in 1817 by the French alienist Jean-Etienne Dominique Esquirol.

Esquirol’s stated goals were relatively modest.
He wanted to create a single category for all sense disturbances: previous terms such as ‘vision’, ‘apparition’ or ‘spectral illusion’ were all weighted towards the visual, and he needed a term that applied equally to hearing voices or feeling the sensation of bugs under the skin.

He also wanted to reflect what he conceived as a primary distinction between misperceptions, which he termed ‘illusions’, and perceptions constructed entirely by the mind.

Interpreting a fleeting shadow as a person or hearing a voice in a babbling stream are illusions; but ‘if a man has the intimate conviction of actually perceiving a sensation for which there is no external object, he is in a hallucinatory state; he is a visionary’ (visionnaire)[SUP]2[/SUP].
Hallucinations, like dreams, are independent of the senses: those who experience them might be said to be ‘dreaming while awake’.

Esquirol’s description of the hallucinator as a ‘visionary’ sounds strange to modern ears precisely because his new label transformed its object so profoundly.

Private sensory events (to adopt a neutral term, though one that fails to distinguish hallucinations from dreams) have been integrated into the public sphere throughout human history, and often as legitimate sources of information: oracles, messages from ancestors or the voice of God.

The word that Esquirol repurposed, alucinari, had signified a wandering in mind, a soul adrift: Dante, most famously, used it to describe the effects of the siren song on Odysseus.

But from the late 1830s, when ‘hallucination’ penetrated first clinical and then common language, it cast a medical shadow over the borderlands previously claimed by ‘soul’ and ‘spirit’.

The ambiguities present in terms such as ‘visionary’ were overwritten with an implicit judgment that these were not messages from beyond the self but errors in mental functioning.

As such they were by definition pathological, and increasingly viewed as symptoms of insanity.

Debates in mid-century French psychiatry reflected these assumptions.

Were hallucinations a malfunction of the sense organs or, as Esquirol maintained, a ‘central’ phenomenon of the brain itself?
Was it possible for them to co-exist with reason?

Should all mystic states be regarded as hallucinations?
Such questions were put to the test by Esquirol’s protégé Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours, who experimented with large doses of hashish in the company of a literary demi-monde that included Théophile Gautier, Gérard de Nerval and Charles Baudelaire.

He concluded that, even at the mindbending peak of its effects, hashish produced only illusions based on sensory distortion rather than ‘true hallucinations’, manufactured by the mind from whole cloth.

‘A hallucination,’ he wrote in 1845, ‘is the most frequent symptom and the fundamental fact of delirium, mental illness and madness’[SUP]3[/SUP].
The physician and theorist of dreams Alfred Maury assumed a direct equivalence between hallucinators and the insane: ‘for what are the latter, if not minds who believe in their hallucinations as if they were serious facts?’[SUP]4[/SUP].

As visionary experience was drawn into the ambit of medicine, it became less visible in normal life.
‘Retrospective medicine’, a term coined in 1869 by the physician and positivist philosopher Emile Littré, set about diagnosing Moses, Socrates and Muhammad as epileptics, hysterics or paranoiacs.

Anomalous private experiences, now that they carried the taint of insanity, were less commonly shared.
For example, the mysterious phenomenon of pain from amputated limbs had been anecdotally familiar at least since it was described in Descartes’s Meditations; but before the American neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell could offer the first full account of ‘phantom limb syndrome’ in 1872, he had been obliged to spend many years delicately eliciting case histories from invalid soldiers who had kept their strange sensations to themselves for fear of being transferred to an asylum.

It was against this background that the Society of Psychical Research (SPR) in 1889 launched an ‘International Census of Waking Hallucinations in the Sane’.

British doctors and philosophers had amassed many vivid reports of ‘apparitions’ and ‘spectral illusions’ in the early decades of the nineteenth century, and disputed whether they were ghosts, sensory errors or mental derangements; after mid-century, the term ‘hallucination’ had brought with it a markedly more clinical and admonitory tone.

Henry Maudsley, in ‘Hallucinations of the Senses’ (1878), diagnosed Joan of Arc with religious mania, characterised such visionary episodes as ‘discordant notes in the grand harmony’ of human nature, and cautioned the reader to ‘guard against’ them by ‘prudent care of the body and wise culture of the mind’[SUP]5[/SUP].

The president of the SPR was the Cambridge philosophy professor Henry Sidgwick, who set out the aims and results of the census in a series of public addresses that aimed to reclaim hallucinations for sanity, but struggled with the trap set by the word itself.

He recognised that it implied at best ‘erroneous and illusory belief’, at worst something ‘entirely false and morbid’, but he could offer no viable alternative: partly on Esquirol’s grounds that he wished to include voice-hearing and invisible touches along with visions, but also because he was determined to avoid any term that might imply belief in the supernatural and thereby exclude sceptics from his sample.

His final wording skirted the problem, inquiring whether the subject has ever had ‘a vivid impression of seeing or being touched by a living being or inanimate object, or of hearing a voice, which impression, so far as you could discover, was not due to an external physical cause’.

‘Hallucination’ was, however, included in the ‘Instructions to Collectors’ on the back of the form as ‘in many cases … the only proper term’[SUP]6[/SUP].


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The census was distributed through the SPR’s network of seven hundred members, and aimed for 35,000 respondents; in the end it managed 6481, with 727 positive replies to its question, suggesting that these ‘vivid impressions’ were familiar to around 11 per cent of the sane population.

But what did they mean?
Despite his care to alienate neither spiritualists nor materialists, Sidgwick was considerably closer to the former: his academic and public work sought to reconcile science, religion and ethics, and he argued that a moral order could only exist if some part of human personality survived bodily death.

The census was part of a wide-ranging programme of research into telepathy and thought transference, and his overriding interest in the data is as suggestive evidence for the reality of these powers, as well as for life after death.

The first case he quotes is that of ‘a figure in a brown dress with broad lace collar and golden hair’[SUP]7[/SUP] seen by three persons on separate occasions; he is most excited by cases of ‘collective hallucination’, which are methodically parsed for logical explanation: coincidence, telepathy or supernatural agency?

Sidgwick decoupled hallucinations from pathology and insanity, but he still treated them as evidence of something else rather than as phenomena that might have meaning in their own right.

This assumption was clearly shared by most of the census subjects: their ‘vivid impressions’ are almost all of people or obliquely human forms, typically departed relatives or mysterious figures in black, materialising and vanishing in the manner of the ghost stories of the time.

If nothing else, the census reveals that the private world of hallucinations can be dated as easily as fashion or literature.
Fascinating on many levels (as a precursor of Mass-Observation, or a spectral outline of the late Victorian psyche), the SPR’s initiative failed to generate a convincing panorama, or even a snapshot, of the reality that its members hoped to bring into the purview of science.

Hallucinations might not be a sign of madness, but neither could they be shown to convey any clear message or evidence of a world beyond themselves.

True Hallucinations?

During the twentieth century hallucinations were reclaimed by a medical science that (at least after Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud’s work on hypnosis) was less interested in their content than in the biological mechanisms that underpinned them.

Such mechanisms had long been inferred, and occasionally glimpsed.
On a stroll through town one day in 1758, Charles Lullin had stopped to peer at a giant scaffold tower; when he returned home he found it sitting in miniature form in his living room.

This prompted him to experiment with the blue square that often rippled across his vision: he found that if he saw it next to a fountain in the distance it appeared to be the size of a blanket, but as he focused on closer objects it shrank to the size of a handkerchief.

More recent studies have suggested that Lilliputian sight may be related to disturbance of the ‘size constancy’ function in the visual association cortex, which allows us to recognise automatically that an object is not actually shrinking as it recedes from view.

Today’s leading researchers in the field are beginning to tease apart the different brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved and to associate particular visual forms with each.

Dominic ffytche’s work, to take one example, also suggests that Charles Bonnet syndrome is itself a chimera: since its identification in 1936 it has blurred the boundaries between eye disease and senility, but now it seems to be splitting into two or more quite separate conditions[SUP]8[/SUP].

And as these deep mechanisms are being exposed, such cracks are spreading: is ‘hallucination’ a meaningful category at all, or simply a ragbag of poorly understood symptoms with causes as disparate as macular degeneration, the prelude to an epileptic seizure, the effects of withdrawal from alcohol, or voices heard while drifting off to sleep?

If the category is dissolving under scrutiny, the ideological power of the label remains nonetheless intact.
The definition of ‘hallucination’ in the American Psychiatric Association’sDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) is still Esquirol’s: ‘a sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ’.

It is impossible within this framework to investigate whether private perceptions might be objectively real, and the twentieth-century counterparts of the SPR operated at the margins of science.

Prominent among them were drug experimenters such as the renegade neuroscientist John Lilly, who postulated an 11-level model of the mind to explain how his experiments with LSD in sensory deprivation tanks might have plugged him into a cosmic computer, and the psychedelic explorer Terence McKenna, whose DMT and mushroom revelations — described in his book True Hallucinations (1993) and elsewhere — were mediated by Lilliputian folk he described as ‘self-transforming machine elves’.

McKenna’s elves (or gnomes, as he sometimes called them) have become the paradigm for the little people encountered in drug-induced hallucinations, and the focus for debates about their ontological status and meaning.

McKenna insisted they were ‘transhuman, hyperdimensional and extremely alien’, and that they had a vital message for humanity.
As with the SPR, however, the content of the message was less memorable than the messengers.

McKenna’s elves blew his mind while urgently instructing him to remain rational (‘Don’t give in to astonishment! Pay attention to what we’re doing!’)[SUP]9[/SUP] but the most coherent revelation he was able to extract from them was that ‘some enormously reality-rearranging thing’[SUP]10[/SUP] was due to take place around 21 December 2012.

McKenna recognized that his elves partook of the little people’s trickster archetype, but he was less ready to acknowledge that such entities are also regularly generated by more mundane stimuli such as migraines and Parkinson’s medications.

For him they were the ultimate other, self-evidently beyond anything the human mind could conjure unassisted; their irreducible strangeness was proof of their transhuman status.

Yet they have clear commonalities with the visions generated by less exotic causes, which indeed might provide clues to their meaning. ‘Lilliputian hallucinations’ tend to be confidently oblivious of the real world, marching and clambering round the observer while ignoring any attempts to communicate with them.

Perhaps the mischievous and mysterious nature of entities encountered on psychedelics reflects a tension between two different aspects of the experience: on the one hand an overwhelming sense of immanence and cosmic revelation, on the other an inscrutable scene that is uninterested in the consciousness that is generating it.

In this interpretation, the message of the elves might indeed be a profound one: just because this is all happening in your head, it doesn’t mean that it’s all about you.


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Drug-induced hallucinations can of course be taken seriously without being taken literally.
Oliver Sacks’s experiences, recounted in his recent book on hallucinations, offer a fine example.

Adhering to Moreau de Tours’ distinction with hashish, Sacks mentions but doesn’t describe his experience on classic psychedelics such as LSD and mescaline, which might be better categorised as ‘illusogens’ than hallucinogens.

Instead, he concentrates on full-scale deliriants such as a massive dose of the Parkinson’s medication Artane: a substance that, emerging from the profane world of pharmacy, lacks the sacred resonances of mushrooms or DMT.

His reports make no claim to objective veracity, but they also resist easy reduction to symptoms of neurological impairment.
They are related candidly, as lucid and plausible as reality itself: when he sees and hears his parents descending into his garden from a helicopter, he feels nothing but surprise and delight; when they abruptly vanish, ‘the silence and emptiness, the disappointment, reduced me to tears.’[SUP]11
[/SUP]

Such experiences may amount to no more than neurological flotsam, but they cannot be willed away: they must be dealt with as if real, just as Charles Bonnet or Parkinson’s sufferers must learn to cope with the persistent and ultimately banal presence of their tiny companions.

They are evidence neither of insanity nor of the spirit world: the challenge is to assimilate them into the rest of our mental life.
What hallucinations have to tell us might be that the inner workings of our senses are a riotous carnival, driven by an engine of unimaginable processing power whose most spectacular illusion is reality itself.

Mike Jay is the author of Emperors of Dreams: Drugs in the Nineteenth Century. His most recent book, The Influencing Machine, is now available in the US under the title A Visionary Madness.
 
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[MENTION=14023]Angela[/MENTION]​
 

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Deep Listening

To really listen to others, say David Rome and Hope Martin, we must first learn to listen to ourselves.
They teach us three techniques for tuning in to body, speech, and mind.


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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]With cries of “Armageddon!” and “Baby killer!” the great U.S. health care debate reached its tortured climax.
The debate was adversarial, angry, hateful, even violent—a long-running case study in dysfunctional communication.

Politicians on both sides were trapped in scripts that required them to assert fixed political positions and ignore or attack what the other side was saying, and rarely to share their true thoughts and feelings.

Cable television pundits leapt into the fray like gladiators, interrupting and outshouting each other with fierce abandon.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]The health care imbroglio may be an extreme example, but it reflects a larger pathology in our culture, one that is driven by adversarialness on the one hand and disingenuousness on the other.

If we are to survive in the twenty-first century we must become better communicators, speaking and listening honestly and compassionately across diversity and difference.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Unsatisfying communication is rampant in our society: in relationships between spouses, parents, and children, among neighbors and co-workers, in civic and political life, and between nations, religions, and ethnicities.

Can we change such deeply ingrained cultural patterns?
Is it possible to bring about a shift in the modes of communication that dominate our society?

Contemplative practices, with their committed cultivation of self-awareness and compassion, may offer the best hope for transforming these dysfunctional and damaging social habits.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]A fruitful place to begin work on shifting our patterns of communication is with the quality of our listening.
Just as we now understand the importance of regular exercise for good health, we need to exercise and strengthen our ability as listeners.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Poor listeners, underdeveloped listeners, are frequently unable to separate their own needs and interests from those of others.
Everything they hear comes with an automatic bias: How does this affect me?
What can I say next to get things my way?

Poor listeners are more likely to interrupt: either they have already jumped to conclusions about what you are saying, or it is just of no interest to them.
They attend to the surface of the words rather than listening for what is “between the lines.”

When they speak, they are typically in one of two modes.
Either they are “downloading”—regurgitating information and pre-formed opinions—or they are in debate mode, waiting for the first sign that you don’t think like them so they can jump in to set you straight.

All these behaviors were abundantly on display in the health care debate.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Good listening, by contrast, means giving open-minded, genuinely interested attention to others, allowing yourself the time and space to fully absorb what they say.

It seeks not just the surface meaning but where the speaker is “coming from”—what purpose, interest, or need is motivating their speech.
Good listening encourages others to feel heard and to speak more openly and honestly.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Carl Rogers, the great American psychologist, taught “active listening,” a practice of repeating back or paraphrasing what you think you are hearing and gently seeking clarification when the meaning is not clear.

Deep Listening, as we present it in our workshops, incorporates some of the techniques of active listening, but, as the name suggests, it is more contemplative in quality. (The phrase “deep listening” is used in different ways by different people; we capitalize it when representing our approach.)
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Deep Listening involves listening, from a deep, receptive, and caring place in oneself, to deeper and often subtler levels of meaning and intention in the other person.
It is listening that is generous, empathic, supportive, accurate, and trusting.

Trust here does not imply agreement, but the trust that whatever others say, regardless of how well or poorly it is said, comes from something true in their experience.
Deep Listening is an ongoing practice of suspending self-oriented, reactive thinking and opening one’s awareness to the unknown and unexpected.

It calls on a special quality of attention that poet John Keats called negative capability.
Keats defined this as “when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts without any irritable reaching after fact & reason.”
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Our approach to Deep Listening focuses first and foremost on self-awareness as the ground for listening and communicating well with others.
This may seem paradoxical—paying more attention to ourselves in order to better communicate with others—but without some clarity in our relationship to ourselves, we will have a hard time improving our relationships with others.

A clouded mirror cannot reflect accurately.
We cannot perceive, receive, or interact authentically with others unless our self-relationship is authentic.

Likewise, until we are true friends with ourselves, it will be hard to be genuine friends with others.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Deep Listening is a way of being in the world that is sensitive to all facets of our experience—external, internal, and contextual.

It involves listening to parts we frequently are deaf to, attending to subtleties of the three realms of experience that Buddhism calls “body, speech, and mind.”
In order to balance and integrate body, speech, and mind, Deep Listening teaches three different but complementary contemplative disciplines: Buddhist mindfulness–awareness meditation to clarify and deepen mental functioning; the[/FONT]
[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Alexander Technique to cultivate awareness of the body and its subtle messages; and Focusing, a technique developed by psychologist and philosopher Eugene Gendlin that utilizes “felt-sensing” to explore feelings and nurture intuitive knowing.
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Mindfulness: Awareness Meditation

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]In sitting meditation practice, sometimes called peaceful abiding, we learn to settle, returning over and over again to the present moment and allowing our thoughts to come and go without acting on them.

In the process, we see how our self-absorption keeps us from experiencing the world directly.
Letting go of the “web of me” is the first step toward seeing and hearing others more fully.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]In our Deep Listening workshops we give basic instruction in sitting meditation, with particular emphasis on being bodily present.
Hope draws on her many years of Alexander practice to help each person find a sitting posture that is right for them, gently placing her hands on their shoulders, neck, and back.

“Follow my hands,” she will sometimes whisper, encouraging students to let their body respond without deliberate effort by letting go of habitual patterns and freeing itself into ease and balance.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]During sitting periods we often read from Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche’s teachings on the four foundations of mindfulness.
These teachings, with their vivid language and images, are extraordinarily evocative of what one actually experiences as one practices mindfulness–awareness:
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513][/FONT]
[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]On mindfulness of body[/FONT][FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]: “The basic starting point for this is solidness, groundedness. When you sit, you actually sit. Even your floating thoughts begin to sit on their own bottoms.”
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513][/FONT]
[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]On mindfulness of life[/FONT][FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]: “Whenever you have a sense of the survival instinct functioning, that can be transmuted into a sense of being, a sense of having already survived.”
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513][/FONT]
[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]On mindfulness of effort[/FONT][FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]: “The way of coming back is through what we might call the abstract watcher… The abstract watcher is just the basic sense of separateness—the plain
cognition of being there before any of the rest develops.”
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Mindfulness–awareness practice is a way of fundamentally making friends with ourselves, based on an attitude of gentle, non-reactive noticing.
This attitude is the key to success not only in sitting meditation, but equally in Alexander work and Focusing.
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The Alexander Technique

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Meditation helps us to develop equanimity and not be pushed and pulled by our life circumstances.
The Alexander technique takes this attitude off the cushion and into our lives.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Living more fully in our bodies is the anchor to the present moment in all our activities.
It allows us to care for and listen to ourselves even while we respond to the many demands of our lives.

This is an ideal place from which to listen to others with care and attention
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Our way of perceiving and responding to our world has a physical shape and quality.

Generally that shape consists of either slumping or holding ourselves too rigidly in “good posture.”
Either way, we are interfering with our freedom and the life-giving movement of our experience.

When we interfere with the free functioning of our systems, our sense of well-being and joy gets blocked, and our experience of the body is one of limited mobility, pain, stiffness, and tension.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]We are all intrinsically upright, expansive, resilient, and open.
Watch any healthy young child and you will see this is true—they are naturally poised and balanced, they move easily, their spines are long, they move on their joints, and they embody a curiosity and interest in the world.'

They are alive!
This is a far cry from the way most adults experience their bodies.

But we were children once too, and we can move like that again.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]The Alexander Technique teaches us to notice the ways we interfere with that kind of joy and freedom.

Rather than doing more, we learn to let go of what we’re doing that gets in our way.
Because our habits are so entrenched, they are hard to discern.

In fact, they feel right to us.
For example, someone with lower back pain has no knowledge that they lean way back while standing and moving, thus putting pressure on their lumbar vertebrae.
That stance feels perfectly upright to them, and when in an Alexander lesson they are guided to a more balanced upright place, that place initially feels wrong, as if they are falling forward.

They can see in the mirror that they are upright, but they don’t feel that way.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]By becoming intimate with our habits and, in contrast, experiencing the quality of ease and lightness the new place offers, the kinesthetic sense becomes more sensitive and reliable over time.

Since kinesthesia provides us with information on our weight, position, and movement in space, it is closely tied with our perception of ourselves and our world.
As it becomes more trustworthy, we develop confidence that the feedback we are receiving is sound.

We are less prone to interpretation and more in tune with direct experience.
This is an essential aspect of skillful listening.
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[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]A recent retreat participant described the transformative experience of the Alexander process in this way: “I connected deeply with the relationship between the holding patterns of my body and my state of mind. I was able to observe the subtleties of these holding patterns, how they interconnect throughout my whole being and how they are part of ego’s mechanism to shield me from the raw, rugged, and tender aspects of my being. When you acknowledge these experiences and hold them with a sense of appreciation, they soften and allow more space, both in body and mind. The gradual unwinding of patterns of tension and constriction was palpable throughout the group as well.”
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Focusing

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Focusing is a contemplative practice drawing from Western philosophy and psychology that cultivates three vital inner skills: self-knowing, caring presence, and intuitive insight. Cultivating these inner skills allows us to bring the wisdom of our whole life experience to bear on solving problems and reaching decisions.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]The practice of Focusing involves noticing and welcoming felt senses.
Felt senses are indistinct sensations that ordinarily lie below the radar of attention, but which can be noticed and felt if we are receptive to them.

Felt senses don’t have the clearly defined quality of purely physical sensations like touching a hot stove or stubbing your toe.
They are initially quite vague or fuzzy.

They are nonconceptual, yet they relate to parts of our lives—work, relationships, fears, creative challenges.
They have a quality of “aboutness,” even when we can’t tell specifically what they are about.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Occasionally a felt sense shows up that can’t be missed—like having a “knot” in your stomach, a “lump” in your throat, or a “broken” heart.
All of these are distinctly felt in the body, and yet are clearly “about” events and situations in our lives.

But most felt senses are so subtle that we don’t notice them.
They lie below the level of ordinary feelings, but they can be triggers of strong emotion.

An episode of anger may be preceded by an inner tightening, a jittery sensation, a sinking feeling.
If we can notice these slight inner sensations before we erupt in anger, we gain psychological space in which to choose our words and actions rather than being overtaken by them.

It is the difference between reacting and responding.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Felt senses function as a kind of borderland between the unconscious and the conscious.

Being with felt senses in a patient, friendly way primes the pump of intuition.
Although intuition by its nature is spontaneous and can’t be forced, if we know how to enter the borderlands of the felt sense, we prepare the ground for intuition to strike.

When it does, we gain unexpected insights that can manifest as fresh articulation and action.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]In Focusing we break into partnerships, with each partner taking turns Focusing and listening.

The listener’s job is simply to be present and by their presence to hold a space for the other person to explore their felt senses and chosen issues.
It is not the listener’s job to “be helpful,” to problem-solve or commiserate or evaluate, but simply to be mindfully present, including being mindful of their own felt senses as they arise.

The listener also learns how to give simple verbal reflections that help Focusers check if the words they have come up with truly and accurately represent the meaning embodied in the felt sense.

When assisted in this way, most people discover that they are able to go to and stay at a deeper level in themselves than if they were ruminating alone.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]The partners train in both listening to others and listening to themselves.

In daily life interactions, the two sides of this equation are equally important.
You want to be open and spacious to really hear others; at the same time you are tracking your inner responses and noting when something doesn’t feel right.

When you can notice this before you say or do something you may later regret, it is much less likely that you will trigger a negative upsurge in the other person.
And because human beings automatically alter their behavior to synchronize with those they are interacting with, the quality of your listening supports the other to be more present, at ease, and authentic.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]The combination of these three contemplative practices can have potent effects.
Practitioners of Deep Listening learn to contact unresolved, stuck, or wounded places in themselves and to hold them with self-empathy.

As they contact how the body holds those situations and listen to the body on its terms, they find meaning and wisdom for how each situation wants to resolve itself.
The willingness to touch the discomfort makes for a more resilient, more pliable human being, and as we become better able to tolerate and work with the ups and downs in our own lives, we become more skilled in keeping others company as they navigate their own calm or turbulent seas.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]The practice of Deep Listening cultivates self-listening as the foundation for listening and communicating well with others.
Heightened awareness of the subtletiesof one’s own body, speech, and mind is the foundation for genuinely receptive, accurate, and compassionate listening and speaking.

If enough people in our culture can learn and practice these inner skills, a shift from highly dysfunctional to highly functional modes of communication can happen, offering hope that we can enjoy healthier, more fulfilling relationships with the people in our personal lives and all those with whom we share community, country, and planet.
[/FONT]


Exercise: Head and Neck


[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]As you are reading this text right now, notice how you are in your body.
Are you slumping or leaning to one side?

Where is your head in relation to your spine?
Is it forward, taking your spine with it?

Without changing anything, take some time to just be with what you find.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Notice your shoulders and arms as you hold the laptop.

Do you sense some muscular tension or extra work going on in any part of your body?
Shut your eyes and sense the internal quality of the shape you’re in.

Do you sense any movement in your body as you breathe?
Any lack of movement?

What is your state of mind like?
Notice all of this with curiosity and friendly regard.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Now put the magazine down so that your hands are free but you can still read the text.
Feel the fullness of your neck extending up behind your jaw.

If you put your fingers in your lower ears and imagine they could touch, that is where your head meets the very top vertebra of the spine, called the atlas.
Like all joints, it is a place of movement.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Now, sit for a moment without back support on the edge of a chair.
Remember where your head meets your spine—between your ears—and, without trying, let go of any tightness in your neck to allow your head to balance easily and with mobility at the top of the spine.

The poise of your head is facilitated by dropping your nose a bit to invite a slight forward rotation of your head on your spine.
Even though your head is heavy, when it is balanced on its structure—not held or positioned—it floats and becomes weightless.

This allows the whole body to respond by expanding and opening.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Now as you look down to read, allow your head to tip forward from the top of your spine, not interfering with the fullness and ease of your neck.

Notice the quality of that in contrast to the way you were reading at the beginning.
[/FONT]

Exercise: Clearing a Space

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Clearing a Space is the first step in the Focusing technique.
Its purpose is to clear a space of open receptivity before directing attention to a particular project or issue.

It can be done at any time or place and it is especially useful when one is stressed or facing a challenge.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]First, relax, close your eyes, and bring awareness to your body.

Do a brief body scan to notice any places that might appreciate a moment of caring attention.
Then become aware of your body as a whole, sensing how it feels to be present and resting on solid earth.

Whether we are on a chair, a cushion, or on the grass, earth is always there supporting us: trust it and relax.
See if you can find a level of simple presence—a sense of basic well-being that is always there regardless of life’s ever-changing textures.
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]Now bring awareness into the torso region, from your neck down to your bottom, and move your awareness gently around this sensitive, three-dimensional, alive space.
As you do so, notice any felt senses, subtle sensations that have a certain tangible quality—hard/soft, smooth/jagged, calm/jittery, warm/cool, still/moving, and so forth.

Don’t spend more than a few moments with any one felt sense and if your discursive mind goes into gear, gently notice that and return to your bodily sensed inner experience.
Even if you don’t find anything that you think is a felt sense, notice the sensation of “not finding it.”
[/FONT]

[FONT=ITCBerkeleyOldstyleW01-_812513]This is like clearing a workspace on a messy desk, knowing the papers you file away will be there when you are ready to attend to them.
You may find it helpful to imagine actually placing each concern you find somewhere outside of your body.

With these out of the way, rest in a sense of deep calm and receptive openness until it feels right to move on.

[/FONT]

 
William Lane Craig:
Materialistic Reductionism, Mind & Consciousness

[video=youtube;SDV2EgVC8KI]https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLVIp3q_-Zu6aqWwFSKk2amhQe4yI8ubKF&feature=player_detailpag e&v=SDV2EgVC8KI[/video]

With reference to the writings of Karl Popper & John Eccles (authors of The Self and its Brain) Neurosurgeon, and others, Philosopher & Atheist Thomas Nagel (author of Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is Almost Certainly False) William Lane Craig speaks about materialistic reductionism, mind and consciousness.
 
Consciousness & Revolution, Charles Shaw

[video=youtube;iRD7BQsjhao]https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=iRD7BQsjhao[/video]

Charles Shaw at the Open Mind Conference 2013.
Charles Shaw is the award-winning American journalist, editor and author of the critically-acclaimed memoir 'Exile Nation: Drugs, prisons, Politics and Spirituality' (2012) and the director of the documentary films 'The Exile project: An Oral History of the War on Drugs & the American Criminal Justice System' (2011), 'The Plastic People' (2013) and 'Visurreality' (2013).


Charles serves as editor for the openDemocracy Drug and Criminal Justice Policy Forum and the Dictionary of Ethical Politics, both collaborative projects of Resurgence, openDemocracy and the Tedworth Charitable Trust.

"All revolutions begin as revolutions of consciousness."

Charles Shaw's presentation focuses on the representative forces arrayed against all emergent consciousness movements throughout time, with a special emphasis on the Civil Rights & Black Power movements, the War on Drugs and the Police State and the methods by which spiritual communities can wage non-violent, constructive resistance.
 
PSYCHEDEMIA
The Psychedelic Conference Documentary



[video=youtube;Cc2OYaE9YB8]https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=Cc2OYaE9YB8[/video]


From Neuroscience to Shamanic Healing and everything in between.
This documentary film concisely illuminates the emerging interdisciplinary field of Psychedelic Studies in a way that is accessible, informative and inspiring.


"Psychedemia" was the first academic conference funded by an American university to explicitly focus on the risks and benefits of psychedelic experience.

Ph.D's, M.D.'s, M.A's, graduate students and lay folk from all walks of life convened at the University of Pennsylvania over the 27th-30th of September 2012 to present new research addressing the historical and potential influences of psychedelics on knowledge production, health, and creativity.

The four day event brought together scientists, artists, journalists, historians and philosophers from more than 10 countries for an Ivy League convocation unprecedented not only in view of its controversial subject matter, but in its unparalleled inter-disciplinary scope.


Psychedemia, the film, concisely presents the varied complexity of the emerging field of Psychedelic Studies in a way that is accessible, informative and inspiring.

Directed and Edited by two-time Emmy Award winner Vann K. Weller and Drew Knight, the documentary is being dedicated to the Public Domain to be freely used for any non-commercial purpose as an intellectual and cultural artifact.
 
Panel - Using Entheogens on the Spiritual Path

[video=youtube;cgqXXqAU7IE]https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=cgqXXqAU7IE[/video]

A panel with Bob Jesse, Tom Pinkson, Merrill Ward with Lyn Hunstad as a moderator.

This panel discussion will explore how entheogens can be an aid on the spiritual path and to help you evaluate if this work is appropriate for you.

Some of the topics to be examined include:
How entheogens can assist us in moving forward spiritually; Key requirements for preparing a productive experience, short term and long term; Contra indicators, or when it is not a good idea to use entheogens; The importance of integration, knowing where support is and is not, and dealing with integration challenges.

There will be time for questions and answers, as well as for participants to share how entheogens have supported them on their spiritual path.
 
Entangling Conscious Agents, Donald Hoffman

[video=youtube;6eWG7x_6Y5U]https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=6eWG7x_6Y5U[/video]

Scientific investigations of consciousness that seek its biological basis typically assume that objects in space-time–such as neurons–exist even if unperceived, and have causal powers.

I evaluate this assumption, using evolutionary games and genetic algorithms that study perceptual evolution, and find that it is almost surely false. Our perceptions of space-time and objects are a species-specific adaptation, not an insight into objective reality.

In consequence, I propose a formal theory of consciousness–the theory of “conscious agents”–that takes consciousness to be fundamental, rather than derivative from objects in space-time.

I use the theory of conscious
agents to solve the combination problem of consciousness, both for the combination of subjects and of experiences.
I show that entanglement follows as a consequence of the combination of conscious subjects.

I then discuss the relationship of these findings to the account of entanglement given by quantum-Bayesian interpretations of quantum theory.


Donald Hoffman, Ph.D.Cognitive Scientist and Author, Department of CognitiveSciences, U.C. Irvine
Donald Hoffman is a cognitive scientist and author of more than 90 scientific papers and three books, including Visual Intelligence: How We Create What We See (W.W. Norton, 2000). He received his BA from UCLA in Quantitative Psychology and his Ph.D. from MIT in Computational Psychology. He joined the faculty of UC Irvine in 1983, where he is now a full professor in the departments of cognitive science, computer science and philosophy. He received a Distinguished Scientific Award of the American Psychological Association for early career research into visual perception, and the Troland Research Award of the US National Academy of Sciences for his research on the relationship of consciousness and the physical world.
 
Entangling Conscious Agents, Donald Hoffman



I use the theory of conscious
agents to solve the combination problem of consciousness, both for the combination of subjects and of experiences.
I show that entanglement follows as a consequence of the combination of conscious subjects.

I then discuss the relationship of these findings to the account of entanglement given by quantum-Bayesian interpretations of quantum theory.


Donald Hoffman, Ph.D.Cognitive Scientist and Author, Department of CognitiveSciences, U.C. Irvine
Donald Hoffman is a cognitive scientist and author of more than 90 scientific papers and three books, including Visual Intelligence: How We Create What We See (W.W. Norton, 2000). He received his BA from UCLA in Quantitative Psychology and his Ph.D. from MIT in Computational Psychology. He joined the faculty of UC Irvine in 1983, where he is now a full professor in the departments of cognitive science, computer science and philosophy. He received a Distinguished Scientific Award of the American Psychological Association for early career research into visual perception, and the Troland Research Award of the US National Academy of Sciences for his research on the relationship of consciousness and the physical world.


This ties in with what I was explaining to [MENTION=5667]Jacobi[/MENTION] about relationships with significant others.

It's so cool to see the professionals coming to this.
 



“No snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible.”
~ Voltaire

 
This ties in with what I was explaining to @Jacobi about relationships with significant others.

It's so cool to see the professionals coming to this.


It’s a very good speech.
It will take a while but people’s eyes are being opened.
 
That Lives in Us

If you put your hands on this oar with me,
they will never harm another, and they will come to find
they hold everything you want.

If you put your hands on this oar with me, they would no longer
lift anything to your
mouth that might wound your precious land-
that sacred earth that is
your body.

If you put your soul against this oar with me,
the power that made the universe will enter your sinew
from a source not outside your limbs, but from a holy realm
that lives in us.

Exuberant is existence, time a husk.
When the moment cracks open, ecstasy leaps out and devours space;
love goes mad with the blessings, like my words give.

Why lay yourself on the torturer’s rack of the past and future?
The mind that tries to shape tomorrow beyond its capacities
will find no rest.

Be kind to yourself, dear- to our innocent follies.
Forget any sounds or touch you knew that did not help you dance.
You will come to see that all evolves us.

If you put your heart against the earth with me, in serving
every creature, our Beloved will enter you from our sacred realm
and we will be, we will be
so happy.

by Jalalud'din Rumi

 
An interesting theory!



Star Consciousness: An Alternative to Dark Matter

tzf_img_post.jpg


by Dr. Gregory L. Matloff

Gregory Matloff is a major figure in what might be called the ‘interstellar movement,’ the continuing effort to analyze our prospects for travel to the stars. Greg is Emeritus Associate Professor and Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Physics at New York City College of Technology as well as Hayden Associate at the American Museum of Natural History.

Centauri Dreams readers will know him as the author (with Eugene Mallove) of The Starflight Handbook (Wiley, 1989) and also as author or co-author of recent books such as Deep Space Probes (2005), Living Off the Land in Space (2007) and Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Travel (2010).

My own acquaintance with Greg’s work began with the seminal JBIS paper “Solar Sail Starships: The Clipper Ships of the Galaxy” (1981), and the flow of papers, monographs and books that followed have set high standards for those investigating our methods for going to the stars, and the reasons why we should make the attempt.

In the summer of 2011, Dr. Matloff delivered a paper in London at the British Interplanetary Society’s conference on the works of philosopher and writer Olaf Stapledon, the author of Star Maker (1937).

One of Stapledon’s startling ideas was that stars themselves might have a form of consciousness.
Greg’s presentation went to work on the notion in light of anomalous stellar velocities and asked what might make such an idea possible.

His paper on the seemingly incredible notion follows. —PG

ABSTRACT

The Dark Matter hypothesis has been invoked as an explanation for the fact that stars revolve around the centers of their galaxies faster than can be accounted for by observable matter.

After decades of failed experimental searches, dark matter has remained elusive.
As an alternative to the Dark Matter hypothesis, a idea first presented by author Olaf Stapledon is developed in this paper.

Stars are considered to be conscious entities maintaining their galactic position by their volition.
It is shown that directed stellar radiation pressure and stellar winds are insufficient to account for this anomalous stellar velocity.

Previous research rules out magnetism.
A published theory of psychokinetic action that does not violate quantum mechanics is discussed, as is the suggestion that stellar consciousness could be produced by a Casimir effect operating on molecules in the stellar atmosphere.

It is shown that a discontinuity in stellar velocities as a function of spectral class exists.
Cooler red stars in the solar neighborhood move faster than hotter, blue stars, as would be expected if the presence of molecules in stars was a causative factor.

Further research in experimentally validating the psychokinetic effect and demonstrating the role of the Casimir effect in consciousness is required to advance the concepts presented here beyond the hypothesis stage.

Introduction: Elusive Dark Matter
Greg-Academypub.jpg


The motions of our Sun and other stars around the centers of their galaxies cannot be fully accounted for the presence of observable stellar or non-stellar matter.

Possible modifications to Einstein-Newton gravitation do not seem appropriate since general relativity has easily passed every experimental test to date. Cosmologists hypothesize the existence of a non-reactive, non-observable but gravitating substance dubbed “dark matter” to account for the discrepancy.

Dark matter seems to out-mass ordinary matter, according to many estimates [1].

But science requires observation or experimental validation for even the most beautiful of theoretical constructs.

The continuing failure to detect or observe candidate dark matter objects or particles presents astrophysics with a very serious anomaly.
Perhaps, as was the case in the late 19th century with the failure to confirm the ether hypothesis, the solution to the dark matter paradox may require a change in paradigm.


Image
: Gregory Matloff (left) being inducted into the International Academy of Astronautics by Ed Stone.

Here, we reintroduce a 1937-vintage hypothesis of the British philosopher/science-fiction author Olaf Stapledon.
In his monumental visionary novel Star Maker, Stapledon develops the thesis that stars are conscious and their motions around the galactic center are due to voluntary stellar adherence to the canons of a cosmic dance [2].

This is admittedly an extraordinary hypothesis.
But if dark matter remains elusive and undetected no matter how expensive and elaborate the equipment seeking it, exotic alternatives cannot be dismissed out of hand.


Stellar Kinematics

Kinematics arguments presented here are elementary.
Because of the low velocities (relative to the speed of light in vacuum), Newtonian dynamics is assumed.

The reference frame is centered on the center of the Milky Way galaxy.


Following Newton’s Second Law, force is defined:

F = MA
where M = mass and A = acceleration. Linear momentum is defined:
P = MV
where V= a star’s orbital velocity around the galactic center and kinetic energy is defined as:
KE = 0.5MV[SUP]2[/SUP]

The Sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way galaxy at ~220 km/s [3].
Let us posit that a solar-type star must alter its velocity by 100 km/s in 10[SUP]9[/SUP] years by applying a non-gravitational force.

This amounts to an acceleration of ~3 X 10[SUP]-12[/SUP] m/s[SUP]2[/SUP] or about ~3 X 10[SUP]-13[/SUP] g.

A solar-type star has a mass of about 2 X 10[SUP]30[/SUP] kg [5].

The (assumed) constant value of the non-gravitational force is about 6 X 10[SUP]17[/SUP] Newtons.
While this seems like a huge force, it is roughly a million times less than the Sun’s gravitational force on the Earth.

Another means of considering this force’s magnitude is to assume that a 100-kg human is able to produce the same acceleration on herself during a 100-year lifetime.

The average magnitude of this force on the human is about 3 X 10[SUP]-10[/SUP] N.
During the person’s life, the force alters her velocity by about 0.01 m/s or 1 cm/s.

This is far below the threshold of detection.

But what might be the cause of this elusive stellar force?

Magnetism has been ruled out, at least for many astrophysical objects [4].
So we can consider two other physical candidates–a directed stellar wind and a unidirectional radiation pressure force.

Assume that a star can generate a continuous, unidirectional flux of ionized particles.
The velocity of this “jet” is the typical solar wind velocity of 400 km/s.

By the Conservation of Linear Momentum, the star must expel one-quarter of its mass in the uni-directional jet to alter its galactic velocity by 100 km/s.
Such an astronomical event has never been observed and would be very disconcerting (most fatal) if it occurred on the Sun.

The solar wind of ionized particles is clearly inadequate to alter a star’s velocity by 100 km/s.

Now let’s see if the radiation pressure on the star produced by its radiant output could produce a velocity change of 100 km/s in a billion years, if all the solar electromagnetic flux was concentrated in a narrow beam.

If the star’s mass is equal to that of the Sun–2 X 10[SUP]30[/SUP] kg [5], the required change in stellar linear momentum amounts to about 7 X 10[SUP]18[/SUP] kg-m/s.
If the star has a solar radiant output of about 4 X 10[SUP]26[/SUP] watts [5] and we apply the standard equation for a photon’s momentum (P) [6],

P = E/C
where E is the photon energy and c is the speed of light, we see that the total maximum radiation-pressure-induced linear-momentum change on the star is about 1.3 X 10[SUP]18[/SUP] kg-m/s.

A star can clearly not affect the required linear momentum change in this fashion.

Magnetism, particle flow, and photon flow all fail to produce the required alteration in star kinematics.

But there is at least one theoretical possibility that remains.


The Psychokinetic Option

One physically possible explanation for anomalous stellar motion is psychokinesis.
The hypothesis is here presented that the “mind” of a conscious or sentient star can act directly upon the physical properties (in this case the galactic velocity) of that star.

Although no claim is made that psychokinesis (PK) is part of mainstream physics or psychology, at least one serious theoretical study indicates that it is possible within the currently accepted framework of quantum mechanics [7].

According to the arguments presented in Ref. 7, consciousness (or “mind”) can directly influence the properties of a physical system by utilizing the energy present in quantum mechanical fluctuations.

Consciousness may do this by affecting collapse of the wave function of the system to the desired quantum state.

Such anomalous phenomena as alteration in the output of random number generators and levitation could be explained by such a process [7].

Although energy is conserved in this model of PK, the authors of Ref. 7 acknowledge possible violations of the second law of thermodynamics.

If a 2 X 10[SUP]30[/SUP] kg star changes its velocity by (a somewhat arbitrary) 100 km/s in a 10[SUP]9[/SUP]year time interval using this technique, its kinetic energy changes by 10[SUP]40[/SUP] Joules and the average power required for the stellar velocity change is about 3 X 10[SUP]23[/SUP] watts.

This is about 0.1% of the Sun’s radiant output.

In order to demonstrate that such a process could be applicable to stars, it is necessary to present arguments that at least some stars are conscious.

Perhaps a good place to start is to consider what some researchers have said about consciousness in humans and other life forms.


Consciousness in Humans, Animals, Plants and Stars

Defining consciousness is not easy.
We are all rather certain of our own consciousness and relatively convinced that other humans are conscious as well.

Most would agree that whales, dolphins, chimps, cats and dogs are conscious organisms as well.
But how about snakes, corn, amoeba, and bacteria?

Do in fact the mechanisms that support consciousness in the higher animals, in fact, require billions of years of organic evolution to develop?
Or does consciousness in some form permeate the entire universe?

Some, like Walker, conclude that consciousness cannot be defined.
Instead, it must be thought of as the immediate experience of the world around us and our internal thoughts and emotions [8].

Bohm believes that conscious thought is a process rather than an object [9].
Kafatos and Nadeau argue that this process in some perhaps pantheistic sense permeates the entire universe [10].

Many theories have developed to fit this elusive phenomenon into the framework of physical science.
Some are reviewed and developed in Refs. 11 and 12.

The concepts developed in this paper accept that consciousness, like gravitation, is built into the structure of the universe [10].
Like gravitation, it cannot be explained by invoking fields or matter independently but requires the interaction of both.

Many of the quantum-physics-based theories of organic consciousness postulate that a universal consciousness field interacts with electrically conducting nanostructures within the cell or nervous system.

In higher animals (such as humans) the ~20-nm inter-synaptic spacing in the brain’s neuronal structure have been suggested and analyzed by Evan Harris Walker as locations of the quantum-level events contributing to consciousness [13].

But all living eukaryotic cells contain microtubules.
As suggested by Lynn Margolis, a form of “microbial consciousness” may be centered upon these nano-structures [14].

Various quantum phenomena within these nanostructures have been suggested as the primary “active agents” of consciousness.
These include quantum tunneling [13], quantum entanglement [15], and the Casimir Effect [16]. It is known that the Casimir Effect–a pressure caused by vacuum fluctuations–is a component of molecular bonds [17].

We propose the following Casimir-Effect approach to stellar consciousness.
It is assumed that the interaction with vacuum fluctuations produces a form of consciousness in all molecular bonds, although this is weaker than the forms of consciousness affected by the interaction of vacuum fluctuations with organic nanostructures such as microtubules and the inter-synaptic spacing.

Admittedly this is a pantheistic approach to the universe.
All molecules to a certain extent are conscious.

Stars cool enough to contain stable molecules are therefore conscious, at least to some extent.
Over a very long period of time, they can apply psychokinetic effects to maintain their galactic position and remove at least some of the requirement for the thus-far undetected dark matter.


Some Evidence Supporting the Hypothesis of Conscious Stars

The ideas presented above might fit in the realms of philosophy and science fiction rather than physics unless there were some observational supporting evidence.

A literature search was conducted to determine whether there is a kinematical discontinuity in stellar proper motion depending upon star surface temperature and occurring in the stellar spectral classes for which molecular lines and bands appear.

Since the 1950’s, such a discontinuity has in fact been recognized.
Dubbed Parenago’s discontinuity, it refers to the fact that red, cooler stars have faster motions in the direction of galactic rotation than do blue, cooler stars.

Figure 1 presents from two sources a plot of the solar motion of main sequence stars versus star B-V color index [18, 19].
The data set from Binney et al is derived from Hipparcos observations of more than 5,000 nearby stars [19].


Figure1.jpg


Table 1 presents the spectral types corresponding to the B-V color indices on the abscissa of Fig. 1 [20].
The Parenago discontinuity occurs at around (B-V) = 0.6, which corresponds to early G dwarf stars such as the Sun.

Note that estimated main sequence residence times for various spectral classes are also given in Table 1 [21].

TABLE 1 B-V Color Indices, Corresponding Spectral Classes and Main Sequence Residence Times for Dwarf Stars

Binney et al [19] present the hypothesis that the faster galactic velocities of cool, red, long-lived stars is due to the fact that gravitational scattering causes a star’s velocity to increase with age.

This seems unlikely since F0 stars reside on the main sequence for a few billion years.
In the Sun’s galactic neighborhood, stellar encounters close enough to alter stellar velocities are very rare due to the large star separations involved.

For stellar encounters to cause Parenago’s discontinuity, these would likely occur while the stars were resident in the open cluster from which they originated. Since open clusters disperse within a few hundred million years [1], such stellar encounters seem to be an unlikely explanation for Parenago’s discontinuity.

The explanation presented here is based upon telescopic observations of molecules in the spectra of stars of various spectral classes.
Molecules are rare or non-existent in the spectra of hot, blue stars.

As star radiation temperature decreases, molecular signatures in stellar spectra become more apparent.
In dwarf stars, N[SUB]2[/SUB] rises in abundance as photosphere temperature falls below 6000 K [22].

The spectral signature of CO is present in the Sun’s photosphere [23].
As stellar photosphere temperatures fall to around 3200 K (M2 stars), spectral signatures of many molecules including TiO and ZrO become observable in the infrared spectra [23].


Conclusions

Although it is provocative that Parenago’s stellar velocities around the galactic center increase with molecular abundance in the stellar photosphere, this paper does not claim to prove stellar consciousness as an alternative to dark matter.

There are many other more conventional alternative explanations for anomalous stellar kinematics that must be considered as well [24].

But the validity of some of the assumptions presented here will be confirmed if future work demonstrates that PK effects can be reliably repeated in a laboratory environment.

Other assumptions will be validated if future nano-scale computers achieve some level of consciousness when the size of computing elements reaches molecular levels.

If stellar consciousness can be demonstrated to be a reasonable dark matter alternative, major challenges will be presented to the SETI community.
How exactly do we communicate with conscious, possibly sentient entities with lifetimes so long that a century seems like a second?

And if we can’t do this successfully, how do we prevent the catastrophic wars between planetary and stellar intelligence in Star Maker as human interplanetary capabilities mature?

Some may argue in favor of Decartes’ separation of consciousness from the physical world.
This approach is no longer valid at the molecular level since consciousness seems to be necessary for quantum mechanics and quantum mechanics is a well-validated physical theory [12].

Adam Crowl has pointed out to the author that the hypothesis presented here addresses one line of evidence for dark matter–the flatness of galactic rotation curves.

A second line of evidence–observations that galactic clusters do not have enough visible mass to keep from dispersing–is not addressed by the arguments presented here [25].

Some may disagree with the inclusion of PK as a candidate “propulsion system” for conscious stars.
As described in an excellent recent review by an MIT physics professor, this very controversial topic was investigated during the 1970’s by a distinguished group of theoretical physicists centered upon Stanford University.

Debate still swirls regarding their courageous attempt to obtain mainstream support for their research [26].

Any scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable.

The Hipparchos data used to prepare Ref. 19 utilized statistics for 5610 stars near the celestial south pole.
According to the project’s website, the forthcoming ESA Gaia mission is planned to produce a kinematics census of a billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

It will be interesting to learn whether this flood of data supports or refutes Parenago’s discontinuity.


Acknowledgements

The author appreciates the comments and suggestions of A. Crowl, which have been incorporated in the text.
He is also grateful to K. Long who presented a version of this paper for him at the Nov. 23, 2011 Olaf Stapledon Symposium at BIS headquarters in London. Comments of anonymous referees are also appreciated.


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