Do Alzheimer’s, Dementia Prove the Soul Doesn’t Exist?
A brain affected by Alzheimer's disease (above) and a healthy brain (below). Does the mind or soul exist without the brain?
NEWPORT BEACH, Calif.–Occasionally, just before death, people with Alzheimer’s disease or dementia who’ve been completely incoherent for many years will seem to return suddenly to their senses.
Their memories, personality, and entire mind–so long shrouded by the disease that loved ones had lost hope of their return–shine forth in a final blaze. This phenomenon is known as terminal lucidity.
Some say it refutes the philosophical argument that the “soul” is merely a function of the brain.
The late philosopher Paul Edwards made his “Alzheimer’s Argument Against the Soul” in 1995.
He used the example of “Mrs. D.” Mrs. D was a kind and generous lady, often helping others.
Alzheimer’s drastically changed that. “All her elegance was gone.
She no longer recognized her children, and then in the advanced stage, became extremely aggressive.
She who always helped others and was kind to others suddenly started to beat up other elderly patients,” quoted Robert Mays, a near-death experiences researcher.
Mays gave a presentation on terminal lucidity at the International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS) 2014 Conference on Aug. 30, on behalf of Dr. Alexander Batthyany, a professor in the cognitive science department at the University of Vienna.
Edwards argued that the case of Mrs. D shows the mind or soul does not exist separately from the brain.
When the brain is damaged, the person’s mind is damaged.
Mrs. D was kind when her brain was functioning, but her personality disappeared when her brain ceased to function properly, proving that the brain creates the mind.
Batthyany said that Edwards makes an “intuitively compelling” argument.
But terminal lucidity may suggest the mind is not destroyed with the brain, Batthyany said.
If the mind were dependent on parts of the brain for existence, it is hard to see how a whole person–a person who can make connections between this memory and that, a person who can calmly and rationally interact with others and perform coherent actions–could return.
If parts of the brain were so badly affected by the disease, one would expect only a fragmented individual to remain.
The diagram on the right shows a brain affected by Alzheimer’s disease. The diagram on the left shows a healthy brain. (Wikimedia Commons)
Above is a brain affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Below is a healthy brain.
Batthyany asks whether Edwards’s argument would be as compelling if the loss of cognition were only temporary.
What if Mrs. D were in a state of drug-induced confusion or some dream state with effects similar to Alzheimer’s?
Would it make a difference in how Edwards viewed the case if Mrs. D’s mind returned to normal functioning and her personality remained intact?
In terminal lucidity, it almost looks as if the mind distances itself from a diseased brain, if only briefly, and close to the actual dying process, said Batthyany.
When one reads such reports, one cannot help but get the impression that the mind is also hidden behind and constrained by the brain, he said: “Much like the moon eclipses the sun, the brain eclipses the self.”
The Data
Further studies need to be done on terminal lucidity to understand the phenomenon and all of its implications, Batthyany said.
In a survey of 800 caregivers, only 32 responded.
These 32 caregivers had cumulatively cared for 227 Alzheimer’s or dementia patients.
About 10 percent of these patients had a sudden and brief return to lucidity.
However, these caregivers were self-selected, warned Batthyany.
The low response rate may well mean that the phenomenon is rare, and that we received replies primarily from those who had witnessed terminal lucidity in their dying patients. Currently, we do not know how often the phenomenon really takes place.
Most people with dementia still die with dementia.
Yet cases of terminal lucidity have a lasting impact on those witnessing them.
A caregiver was quoted as saying: “Before this happened, I had become fairly cynical about the human vegetables I cared for.
Now, I understand that I am caring for nurslings of immortality.
Had you seen what I saw, you would understand that dementia can affect the soul, but it will not destroy it.”
Studies carried out by Michael Nahm and Bruce Greyson, including one published in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease in 2010, are based on analyses of recorded cases from 100 years ago or earlier.
More current information is needed, Batthyany said.
‘Thanks for Everything’
A few cases were cited in Batthyany’s presentation, including the following: “An elderly woman with dementia, almost mute, no longer recognizes people, non-expressive. Unexpectedly one day, she called her daughter and thanked her for everything … [she] had a phone conversation with the grandchildren, exchanged kindness and warmth, and said farewell, and shortly afterwards, she died.”
In another case study, the patient was mute and disoriented and hadn’t seemed to notice or understand when her husband, whose name was Urs, died.
A few months after her husband’s death, she sat up in bed, stretched out her hand, and said, “Urs! Yes, yes, ready.” She died shortly afterward.
Though this case was somewhat ambiguous, Batthyany said, it was nonetheless untypical of hallucinatory delusions sometimes observed in Alzheimer patients in that it was calm, orderly, and based on traces of memory that hadn’t been observed in the patient in a long time.
It also showed a similarity to many near-death experiences, in which people who have brushes with death or who die for a few moments before being resuscitated often report seeing loved ones who help them “cross over.”
Near-death experiencers also often report hovering above their physical bodies, seeing beings or scenes in the afterlife, feelings of euphoria, et cetera.
A Philosopher’s Take
As he seeks further scientific data, Batthyany considers also the words of philosophers.
He quoted Spinoza: “You can have light without shadow, but you cannot have shadow without light.”
Lucidity, the mind’s normal state, is the light. Dementia and confusion are the shadows.
Batthyany also said: “You can have truth without error, but you cannot have error without truth.”
Error is a deviation, as dementia and Alzheimer’s are deviations from the brain’s normal functioning.
There may yet be a true mind or a light shining behind the distorted shadows of the disease.
Batthyany closed on a cautionary note.
Terminal lucidity research is a very young field, and it would be premature to draw strong conclusions from the little data currently available.
We still do not know what is happening and how it is possible that some of these patients who have been lost for years return to cognitive lucidity in the presence of severe brain pathology.
Batthyany’s research also shows that terminal lucidity episodes tend to be relatively brief (between 30 minutes and 2 hours) and are therefore easy to miss.
The only strong conclusion so far seems to be that we should never cease giving attention to dying patients–whether demented or not–as end-of-living experiences such as terminal lucidity have deep impact and give warm consolation to family, friends, and caregivers, whatever the wider implications may be.
What a wonderful thought…I think you are probably correct in thinking that she would have been happier without the intervention of western medicine. Of course I don’t believe that all western medicine is bad or will prolong suffering…but there are for sure instances where it does! But that is what people want…they want to live longer even if they are constantly suffering…because people either don’t know how awful it could be, or the family decides for them for selfish reasons. This is why most Docotrs when faced with a terminal disease will NOT go through each and ever life saving measure out there…because they know their quality of life vs time remaining isn’t stretchable in most situations.My motherinlaw has alzheimer's and is in the final stages where her body is 'forgeting' how to do it's daily tasks to live. I saw her go from being meek and mild (on the outside) to aggressive and mean on the outside. She was generally sweet and kind hearted before the disease took over. She's been living in assisted living facility in FL since 2007 where her daughter lives.
She was an introvert and loved the land. All she ever wanted to do her whole life was work with plants and have a pet or two. She had the disease many years before we knew it because she lived alone on our 40 acres. She loved going for walks and find wild plants of interest to her she could dig up and transplant to her home. She slid down into alzheimer's quickly the day hurricane rita hit. She went for a walk while we were gone trying to get our friends into their home - and did not return. We searched until curfew and had to wait until the next day before we finally tracked her down. She had been picked up by a complete stranger and taken to the sherriff's office. They then took her to the high school gym shelter. Then somebody took her to the Catholic church shelter. They almost took her to Waco - a 4 hour drive away - but someone thought to drop her off at the hospital emergency room. There we found her! When I walked in to the waiting area where she was being kept - she was sitting on a bench swinging her legs back and forth as if she was a little girl. I walked up to her and immediately recognized her state of mind....so I nonchalantly asked her: "Y....whatcha doing?" She looked straight at me - smiled - and said very truthfully "Havin' an adventure!". Hahahahahaha.....holy shit....what do you say to that?
I think if they were allowed to live out their lives in nature without western medicine interference - like mind control drugs and feeding them huge amounts of high calorie foods - they would probably live without being aggressive. They'd die sooner - for sure - but that would be in keeping with a more holistic perspective - would it not?
Like everyone else in our culture - if you can't fit in to their system of boxes - then they force you. I see it all the time with special needs children. I see anti psychotic drugs showing up in some strange situations. Well...you know what I mean. You see it too.
My motherinlaw was perfectly happy digging in the dirt and talking to her plants. She wasn't taking care of the dogs - though - and we had to intervene there. I just wonder what would have happened to her if she had been allowed to live out her days in the country. You know....a natural life.
"What is real? How do you define real?" – Morpheus, in The Matrix
"Television is reality, and reality is less than television." - Dr. Brian O’Blivion, in Videodrome
Let’s unpick that...
…a simulacrum of a religion created out of, or in symbiosis with, commodified popular culture which provides inspiration at a metaphorical level and/or is a source of beliefs for everyday life.[SUP]5
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The term ‘hyper-real’ derives from this perspective: he defines it as “the generation by models of a real without origin or reality” (emphasis mine).
… The simulacrum is never that which conceals the truth – it is the truth which conceals that there is none. The simulacrum is true.
This personal seeking for truth has manifested in a variety of ways.
…in this consuming world, the individual becomes his or her own authority; the postmodern person in the West no longer tolerates being told what to believe and what to do... he or she is faced with a proliferation of ‘spiritual/religious/philosophical knowledges’, which he or she researches and experiences.[SUP]11
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Finding a starting point for the rise of the hyper-real religions might seem a problematic thing."If you believe it’s sacred, it’s sacred."
- Irving Rosenfeld, in American Hustle
After noting the dichotomy between the New Age ‘hyper-consumer’ beliefs (where individual choice is celebrated) and the ‘hypoconsumerist’ Fundamentalist beliefs (in which, although they are still believed by a community of consumers, the adherents have their consumption choices dictated by a hierarchical authority - more on these later), Possamai says of the New Age Movement:
They consume products for gaining and enhancing sensations. They can visit a ‘New Age’ healing centre for a few days, participate in a ‘vision quest’ and be initiated into shamanism, buy crystals and indigenous paraphernalia, learn astronomy... These objects for sale - books, tarot cards, crystals, CDs, aromatherapy products - have long lost any taint of the demonic and have become common products.[SUP]26
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and,
…they are the consumer religion par excellence…
Possamai sub-divides the New Age beliefs - always a very wide blanket term, to be sure - into three flavours:
In traditional religions, the demand for religious objects is focussed on their authenticity. New objects will not be bought unless there is proof they are authentic for a specific religion, and that they contain the power of a specific source. In New Age, the individual is the main source of meaning attribution, and the authority of the object rests in the individual’s decision and/or feeling about the worth of its religiousness.[SUP]27
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By ‘Perrenism’ Possamai means a syncretic (drawing from many combined sources) spirituality which...
…even though it borrows eclectively from earlier esotericism, (it) is to be understood as an expression, in the field of spirituality, of emergent post-industrial or post-modern culture.[SUP]28
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It is this Presentist Perrenism that describes the fictional-sourced-orinfluenced belief systems which are my primary interest here.
…interprets the world as Monistic (the cosmos is perceived as having its elements deeply interrelated. It recognises a single ultimate principle, being, or force, underlying all reality, and rejects the notion of dualism, e.g. mind/body); …whose actors are attempting to develop their Human Potential Ethic (actors work on themselves for personal growth); …and whose actors are seeking Spiritual Knowledge (the way to develop oneself is through a pursuit of knowledge, be it knowledge of the universe or of the self, the two being sometimes interrelated).[SUP]29
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One especially fruitful area of Possamai’s study – and one whose significance has grown considerably since he first explored it – is the religious current deriving from Star Wars."A Jedi must have the deepest commitment, the most serious mind… Excitement. Adventure. A Jedi craves not these things"
– Yoda, in The Empire Strikes Back
Here, of course, Lucas is describing Ki/ch’i/mana/prana etc. by another name.
The Force is what gives a Jedi his power. It’s an energy field created by all living things. It surrounds us and penetrates us. It binds the galaxy together.
Clearly, Lucas succeeded - perhaps more than he ever intended.I see Star Wars as taking all the issues that religion represents and trying to distil them down into a more modern and easily accessible construct... I put The Force into the movie in order to try and awaken a certain kind of spirituality in young people – more of a belief in God than a belief in any particular religious system. I wanted to make it so that young people would begin to ask questions about the mystery... I didn’t want to invent a religion.[SUP]31
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The drive for Jediism to be recognised as the equal to any other nonhyper- real belief system won some major successes, especially in the UK.
Jediism is not fiction.
Our ways are based on ancient wisdom as well as modern philosophies.
Our ways are modern adaptations of Taoism and Buddhism.
We encourage activities that cultivate physical and mental health, such as martial arts and meditation.
Jediism is a philosophy above all.
Then, we use the Order to get together, to stay in touch, to share our united view of life and the Force.
It is not required to be a warrior to be a member of the Order of the Jedi, nor to be religiously implicated.
We are non-exclusive.
This means that you may keep participating in the religion of your choice, and study the principles of the Force, with no obligations.
Our members are free thinkers, with free minds.[SUP]33
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As I noted earlier, Possamai’s studies have not been limited to the ‘presentist perrenist’, fiction-embracing faiths.“Life doesn’t work like stories.”
- Blue, in Six-Gun Gorilla[SUP]42[/SUP]
"We read books to find out who we are. What other people, real or imaginary, do and think and feel… is an essential guide to our understanding of what we ourselves are and may become."
- Ursula K. Le Guin
"The entire universe appears to be a huge theatre of mirrors in which every object hides a secret, in which everything is a sign that hides mystery."
– Adam Possamai
Sure…this is why I have to laugh when I see the statue of Satan in the state government building in OK. Pretty damn funny how that backfired in all their faces…lol.@Skarekrow
Opinions.... don't really have any.
But I totally see it. And do it. Especially re: Lovecraft and, well, Eris. Even though Eris is also historical, modern Discordianism is pretty much this same schtick - but it's also more because you can engineer anything with thought patterns. Which is pretty much what a whole lot of religious people do (for many it's the only reason to do religion) BUT the thing is they don't all admit it and I find it hard to trust things that are so self serious. At least Discordianism, Church of the Sub Genius etc. has no aspirations of self-proving and often even parodies the fact that it may or may not be a crock religion.
Sure…this is why I have to laugh when I see the statue of Satan in the state government building in OK. Pretty damn funny how that backfired in all their faces…lol.
Anyhow, yes…well, supposedly like the article inferred it is indeed possible that a universe with this as a “real” religion is possible if you believe the many universes theories out there.
So maybe none of it is self-created, but tapped into?
Also, if you adhere to the idea that the reality of each person only exists in their mind, and “reality” itself is only a creation of our consciousness or a projection of reality itself then no belief is more true or real than anything else.Yeah I dunno, something tells me there's more out there so maybe.
Also, if you adhere to the idea that the reality of each person only exists in their mind, and “reality” itself is only a creation of our consciousness or a projection of reality itself then no belief is more true or real than anything else.
Well, it doesn’t have to be contradictory…Yeah but I don't adhere to that idea. There's no such thing as reality that exists only in the mind because that contradicts what reality is. This position is different from uncertainty. I think it arises from insecurity and the need to justify untenable positions.
i.e. people say this when they don't like their beliefs to be doubted.
Edit:
Or when they'd rather have everyone be right than have a confrontation.