So... How to learn Go? I started 13 years ago, but I only really did some serious studying the first 5 years. There are no Go shools in Europe that I know of. The really talented ones, that have potential to turn professional, go to eastern asia to study.
The ranking scales are a mess, there are several of them, but more or less, the amateur scale goes from 30-kyu to 6-dan, and the professional scale from 1-dan to 9-dan, where 1-dan professional corresponds roughly to (imaginary) 7-dan amateur. I'm 1-dan amateur obviously.
There is quite a wealth books on of Go theory translated into English. Those books and playing lots and lots of games on the internet is what western people use as tools to improve. I have about 1 meter worth of Go books in my book shelf.
Pattern recognition is a very very important skill to train. Many books are completely devoted to little puzzles that the author (a professional player) has put together to illustrate some concept. They have names like "1001 Life&Death problems", "501 Opening problems", "The art of connecting stones". There are also many books dedicated to pure theory.
This is what a seious Go student does every day together with playing games, games, games. "Lose your 50 first games as quickly as possible" is a famous proverb.
The best Go server is Kiseido Go Server (KGS) by the way, if you want to try it.