Some FAQs -
What is the state-of-the-evidence for psi?
To be precise, when we say that "X exists," we mean that the presently available, cumulative statistical database for experiments studying X, provides strong, scientifically credible evidence for repeatable, anomalous, X-like effects.
With this in mind, ESP exists, presentiment (physical changes in skin reactivity, pupil size, heart rate, and other factors indicating precognition before a stimulus is applied) exists, telepathy (direct mind-mind communication) exists, and mind-matter interaction (previously known as psychokinesis or PK) exists. The survival of bodily death remains unproven, though there is suggestive evidence for this from the reincarnation research performed by Ian Stevenson and others. (Note that we are using the terms ESP, telepathy and MMI in the technical sense, not in the popular sense. See What do parapsychologists study?)
ESP is statistically robust, meaning it can be reliably demonstrated through repeated trials. However, it may vary it but it tends to be weak when simple geometric symbols are used as targets. Photographic or video targets often produce effects many times larger, and there is some evidence that ESP on natural locations (as opposed to photos of them), and in natural contexts may be stronger still. Also, a lot has been learned about what kinds of conditions (such as the partial sensory deprivation used in the Ganzfeld) can enhance psi.
Some mind-matter interaction (MMI) effects have also been shown to exist. When individuals focus their intention on mechanical or electronic devices that fluctuate randomly, the fluctuations change in ways that conform to their mental intention. Under control conditions, when individuals direct their attention elsewhere, the fluctuations are in accordance with chance.
It should be noted that an increasing number of parapsychologists are moving beyond proof-oriented research (feeling that psi has already been sufficiently proven for anyone willing to actually read and consider the experimental research) to process-oriented, qualitative research. These studies are looking at a variety of factors (such as the kind of target used) to better understand these phenomena.
What is the state-of-the-theory for psi?
Opinions about mechanisms of psi are wide-ranging. Because the field is multidisciplinary, there are physical theories, psychological theories, psychophysical theories, sociological theories, and combinations of these.
On one end of the spectrum, the "physicalists" tend to believe that the "psi sensing capacity" is like any other human sensory system, and as such it will most likely be explained by known principles from biophysics, chemistry, and cognitive science. For these theorists, psi is expected to be accommodated into the existing scientific structure, with perhaps some modifications or extensions.
On the other end of the spectrum, the "mentalists" assert that reality would not exist if it were not for human consciousness. For these theorists, the nature of the universe is much more effervescent, thus accommodating psi into existing scientific models will require significant modification of science as we know it. Strong theoretical debates are common in parapsychology in part because spirit, religion, the meaning of life, and other philosophical conundrums commingle with quantum mechanics, probability theory, and neurons.
Some theorists have attempted to link psi phenomena with similar- sounding concepts from quantum mechanics, including non-locality, instantaneous correlations at a distance, and other anomalies. Such suggestions always spark vigorous debates, and at some point it seems the critics are inevitably accused of not properly understanding quantum mechanics. (This is why we do not discuss quantum mechanical theories of psi here. See, however, the Mind-Matter Unification Project at Cambridge University.)
Where are some of the active psi research facilities?
C.I.R.P. - Centro Interdisciplinare Ricerca Parapsicologica
E-mail - duebinf@tin.it
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
Voice - (323) 549 5025
Fax - (408) 904 6195
E-mail - james@jsasoc.com
Institut Metapsychique International
51, rue de l'Aqueduc
75010, Paris -
France
Métro : Louis-Blanc, ou Stalingrad
Tél/fax.: +33 (0)1 46 07 23 85
E-mail: imi-paris@Wanadoo.fr
Institut fuer Grenzgebiete der Psychologie und Psychohygiene
Wilhelmstrasse 3a
D-79098 Freiburg i. Br.
Germany
Phone: 0761-20721-0
FAX: 0761-20721-99
Institute of Noetic Sciences
101 San Antonio Road
Petaluma, CA 94952
USA
Fax (707) 781-7420
General Inquiries (707) 775-3500
International Research Institute, IRI
40A, Yuuki Bldg., Sonno 1108-2, Inage, Chiba 263-0051
Japan
Phone: +81-43-255-5481
Fax: +81-43-255-5482
Koestler Parapsychology Unit (University of Edinburgh)
Department of Psychology
University of Edinburgh
7 George Square
Edinburgh EH8 9JZ
Scotland
+44 (0) 131 650 3348
Laboratories for Fundamental Research
Voice: 650.327.2007
Fax: 650.322.7960
E-mail: may@lfr.org
Pacific Neuropsychiatric Institute
Perrott-Warrick Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR)
C-131, Engineering Quadrangle
Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08544
USA
(609) 258-5950
Perrott-Warrick Research Unit
Rhine Research Center (Institute for Parapsychology)
2741 Campus Walk Avenue, Building 500
Durham, NC 27705
USA
Phone: (919) 688-8241
Fax: (919) 683-4338
E-mail: info@rhine.org
Societies, Associations and Institutes
American Society for Psychical Research
5 West 73rd Street
New York, New York 10023, USA
phone (212) 799-5050 / fax (212) 496-2497
email aspr@aspr.com
Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit
Associazione Italiana Scientifica di Metapsichica
Division of Personality Studies, University of Virginia
Exceptional Human Experience Network
Fondazione Biblioteca Bozzano-De Boni
Via Guglielmo Marconi, 8 - 40122 Bologna (Italia)
Tel.: + 39 - 51/272021 - 554033
Fax: + 39 - 51/554033
E-mail: fbibbdb@iperbole.bologna.it
Instituto de PsicologÃa Paranormal (Institute of Paranormal Psychology)
Salta 2015 (C1137ACQ), Buenos Aires. Argentina
Telefax: (+5411) 4305-6724
E-mail: rapp@fibertel.com.ar
International Association for Near-Death Studies
International Society of Life Information Science
International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine
11005 Ralston Road, Suite 100D
Arvada, CO 80004
voice: 303-425-4625
fax: 303-425-4685
E-mail: issseem@cs.com
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Parapsychologie und Grenzbereiche der Wissenschaften (Austrian Society for Parapsychology and Border Areas of Science)
Society for Psychical Research
49 Marloes Road, Kensington, London W8 6LA
Telephone & Fax: 020 7937 8984
Society for Scientific Exploration
Where can I get a degree in parapsychology?
Many students and adults would like to study human consciousness, parapsychology, transpersonal psychology, or some combination of these fields. While these topics are of great interest, the number of courses and degrees available in these topics are - surprisingly - very few. People often believe that there are active undergraduate or graduate-level programs at universities known for having parapsychology labs. Unfortunately, this is not true. At present the only universities that teach graduate-level courses on parapsychology are outside of the United States, in Europe.
If your interest in consciousness research can be focused on a relatively accepted aspect of it (say, biofeedback research) you may be able to find a professor at some mainstream university doing research that you could work with. Check reference sources like Psychological Abstracts and MedLine to see who is doing work in these areas and what institutions they are at, then write them. If your primary interest is parapsychology, things get much tougher. You can forget most mainstream academic institutions if you want to get seriously involved in this topic at the professional level.
In terms of realistic career advice, note that parapsychology is considered "marginal" by mainstream psychology. If your goal is a tenured faculty position at a major university, with plenty of time for research, any degree with an emphasis in parapsychology will not be looked upon with favor. Parapsychologists usually make a living teaching or doing another conventional job.
Some students solve the problem of wanting the advantages offered by a mainstream academic position, but without giving up their greater interests in parapsychology, by going to a mainstream school (where they are wisely discrete about their deeper interests), learning how to conduct research in some well-accepted discipline, and then quietly joining the Parapsychological Association and/or reading the primary parapsychological journals.
Scientific parapsychology is a minuscule field, with only a few dozen people in the entire world working in it. At present, the chances of landing a decent job are very small indeed. If you are so dedicated that this doesn't stop you, wonderful! But please be realistic.
Pursuing parapsychology as a career also requires strong entrepreneurial skills, enormous persistence and creativity, resourcefulness, solid training in one of more of the conventional sciences or in a scholarly discipline, and the ability to withstand the tides of conventional wisdom. The payoff is that parapsychology, like other scientific frontiers, is an extremely challenging discipline with plenty of room for exploring creative ideas and making significant advancements to the state-of-the-art. If you expect fast solutions to easy problems, or absolute answers to clear questions, then parapsychology is definitely not for you. If you enjoy exploring the full range of human potential and challenging the status quo, then there is no better discipline than parapsychology.
For more information on institutions offering advanced degrees, coursework, or credit in parapsychology:
Rhine Research Center, the successor of J. B. Rhine's parapsychology lab at Duke University, offers an excellent summer training program that provides a solid introduction to parapsychology. You can call them at (919) 688-8241 or visit their website for more information. The Rhine Research Center is also a good source of advice about training and careers in parapsychology.
Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, 744 San Antonio Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94303. You can call them at (415) 493-4430. They have a program in spiritual psychology, and parapsychologist William Braud offers courses in parapsychology for residential students.
California Institute of Integral Studies, East-West Studies Program, 765 Ashbury St., San Francisco, CA 94117. You can call them at (415) 753-6100. The have a program on consciousness and transformation.
American Society for Psychical Research, 5 West 73rd St., New York, NY 10023. You can call them at (212) 799-5050. Their librarian maintains a list of schools that offer some parapsychology courses. For a small fee, they will mail it out to you.
Saybrook Graduate School - Research Center, San Francisco, CA 94111. You can call them at (800) 825-4480. Saybrook's non-residential Masters and PhD programs allow students to design their own degree in psychology with an emphasis on parapsychology. Parapsychologist Stanley Krippner teaches there.
Pima Community College Tucson, AZ. This offers a undergraduate level beginning parapsychology course under parapsychologist William Everist. Given the school's proximity to Tombstone, students may have the opportunity to be involved in some haunting investigations. The course description can be read atwww.pima.edu/aux/course_outlines/psy/psy224.rtf
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (UK). The Koestler Parapsychology Unit, which is part of the Psychology Department, grants a PhD in psychology with a concentration in parapsychology. This residential program is unique for providing an accredited program in traditional psychology with emphasis in parapsychology. ParapsychologistCaroline Watt is currently a senior lecturer there, and courses on the psychology of magic and psychic fraud are also taught by Peter Lamont.
University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, England (UK). The Parrott-Warrick Research Unit within the Department of Psychology, explores topics in parapsychology. There are currently a few graduate students pursuing a PhD under the supervision of Dr. Richard Wiseman.
University of Gothenburg, Sweden. This offers a doctoral program that is mainly a dissertation (there is course work but this is in the general area of methodology, research design, and statistics, with a few additional courses, which reflect the candidate's area of interest). Parapsychologist Adrian Parker offers doctoral supervision in the areas of altered states and parapsychology.
The Center for Research on Consciousness and Anomalous Psychology (CERCAP) at Lund University, consists of a group of researchers and associates dedicated to the scientific study of unusual (but not pathological) experiences and events, including purported parapsychological phenomena. They endorse research using many different methodologies, and are open to a variety of perspectives in this area, as long as they are informed and respectful. CERCAP's aim is to continue developing multidisciplinary, national, and international collaborations, and train undergraduate and graduate students in a supportive environment. Currently there is an advanced undergraduate course on Altered States of Consciousness and Parapsychology, and doctoral study possibilities for exceptional students wanting to work under the supervision of parapsychologist Etzel Cardeña on the themes of CERCAP. You can learn more about this on her webpage at www.psychology.lu.se/Personal/e_cardena.
University of the Utrecht in the Netherlands, offers some coursework in parapsychology under the direction of Prof. Dick Bierman, through the Department of Psychology. Prof. Bierman also holds a special Chair of Consciousness Studies there.
INTERNET AND DISTANCE PROGRAMS:
The Australian Institute of Parapsychological Research, Inc. has two online courses (a certificate
course and an advanced certificate course in parapsychology), which are now available to the public. They are taught by parapsychologist Lance Storm.
The Hypnotherapy Institute (HCH) , Lafayette, CA. It offers a certificate course on parapsychological studies with approved CE credit for MFTs, LCSWs, and RNs. The classes on ESP, mind-matter interaction, and survival are taught by parapsychologist Loyd Auerbach. Classes are offered by telephone and as mp3 files (some material is also available on CD-ROM). They can be taken individually or together as the complete 60 hour course for a fee of $1,000 (including texts).